Release 0.1.1-rc.13

Housecarl 0.1.1's thirteenth release candidate. Since rc.12: quota usage
is saved after every change. make test and make e2e (304 checks) pass.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ All notable changes to Housecarl are documented here. The format follows
 
 ### Added
 
+- **Quota usage as a share.** What a quota used shows its percentage
+  (`12.3 GB of 50.0 GB used (24%)`, each address's in the quota
+  dialog), on the Rules page, the dashboard and in `hc quotas`.
 - **Reset one address's quota, or give some back.** `hc rule
   reset-quota ID --address ADDR` starts only that device's allowance
   again; `--give 5gbytes` takes that much off what was used instead (one
@@ -76,8 +79,30 @@ All notable changes to Housecarl are documented here. The format follows
 - Import: sets with `flags timeout` become dynamic sets; a DNAT of
   several ports becomes one port forward per port.
 
+### Changed
+
+- **Rules read as a direction.** A match's zones are written `lan → wan`,
+  `any but wan → any`, or with the firewall itself as the other end
+  (`lan → firewall` in input, `firewall → wan` in output), instead of
+  `in lan · out wan` and `in not wan`; exclusions read `from any but X`.
+  On the Rules and NAT pages and in `hc`; the flags and JSON stay as
+  they were.
+
 ### Fixed
 
+- Changing how a quota counts lost or muddled what it used: per address
+  to a total started at nothing, per source to per destination kept the
+  sources' use as if it were the destinations', and other groups left
+  the old entries behind. Now a total starts at the addresses' sum,
+  wider groups add up their addresses, and what can't be carried starts
+  again with a warning (`quota_restarts`) on the change.
+- What the quotas used is saved after every change, not only every five
+  minutes: a reboot soon after a change that counts a quota differently
+  could bring back its usage counted the old way.
+- Statistics' Quotas card linked every entry to the Rules page, not to
+  its rule; each now opens its rule, named. Per-address quotas were
+  missing from it (and from the `quota:rN` series): they count their
+  addresses' sum.
 - `hc stats top devices` listed each device twice (once for what it
   received, once for what it sent); it is one row with both again.
 - `hc rule add --before/--after/--first` made two changes (create at the

README.md

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ The web UI is on `http://127.0.0.1:8070/` (see `listen` in
 
 ## Status
 
-Housecarl 0.1.1 is in testing (0.1.1-rc.9): zones, address sets and
+Housecarl 0.1.1 is in testing (0.1.1-rc.13): zones, address sets and
 services with ordered rules, IPv4 and IPv6, port forwards with hairpin NAT
 and IPv6 pinholes, source NAT and redirects, built-ins, probation for
 network changes (confirmed by the client that made them), the ruleset

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.1.1-rc.9
+0.1.1-rc.13

cmd/hc/firewall.go

@@ -322,9 +322,13 @@ func quotasCmd() *cobra.Command {
 					if q.Quota.PerSource || q.Quota.PerDestination {
 						of += " each"
 					}
-					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", q.Rule, humanBytes(q.Used), of, resets, next)
+					used := humanBytes(q.Used)
+					if !q.Quota.PerSource && !q.Quota.PerDestination {
+						used += " (" + percent(q.Used, q.Quota.Bytes) + ")"
+					}
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", q.Rule, used, of, resets, next)
 					for _, a := range q.Addresses {
-						fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t\t\t\n", named(names, a.Address, a.Address), humanBytes(a.Used))
+						fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s (%s)\t\t\t\n", named(names, a.Address, a.Address), humanBytes(a.Used), percent(a.Used, q.Quota.Bytes))
 					}
 				}
 			})
@@ -332,6 +336,17 @@ func quotasCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	}
 }
 
+// percent writes used as a share of total: "25%", "<1%" for a little.
+func percent(used, total int64) string {
+	if total <= 0 || used <= 0 {
+		return "0%"
+	}
+	if used*100 < total {
+		return "<1%"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d%%", used*100/total)
+}
+
 func logCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	var follow bool
 	var limit int

cmd/hc/main_test.go

@@ -35,9 +35,28 @@ func TestLimitAndDescribe(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := parseLimit("fast"); err == nil {
 		t.Error("a bad limit accepted")
 	}
-	m := model.Match{InZones: []string{"wan"}, NotSources: true, Sources: []string{"trusted"}, Services: []string{"ssh", "tcp/8080"}}
+	for _, c := range []struct {
-	if got := describe(m); got != "in wan  from not trusted  ssh,tcp/8080" {
+		m     model.Match
-		t.Errorf("describe: %q", got)
+		chain string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{model.Match{InZones: []string{"wan"}, NotSources: true, Sources: []string{"trusted"}, Services: []string{"ssh", "tcp/8080"}}, "input",
+			"wan → firewall  from any but trusted  ssh,tcp/8080"},
+		{model.Match{InZones: []string{"wan"}, NotIn: true, Destinations: []string{"trusted_ips"}}, "forward", "any but wan → any  to trusted_ips"},
+		{model.Match{InZones: []string{"lan"}, OutZones: []string{"wan"}}, "forward", "lan → wan"},
+		{model.Match{OutZones: []string{"wan"}}, "output", "firewall → wan"},
+		{model.Match{OutZones: []string{"wan"}, Sources: []string{"10.0.0.0/8"}}, "", "any → wan  from 10.0.0.0/8"},
+		{model.Match{Sources: []string{"trusted"}}, "input", "from trusted"},
+		{model.Match{}, "forward", "everything"},
+	} {
+		if got := describe(c.m, c.chain); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("describe(%+v, %s) = %q, want %q", c.m, c.chain, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+	for used, want := range map[int64]string{0: "0%", 5: "<1%", 250: "25%", 1000: "100%", 1300: "130%"} {
+		if got := percent(used, 1000); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("percent(%d, 1000) = %q, want %q", used, got, want)
+		}
 	}
 	if got := editList([]string{"a", "b", "c"}, []string{"d"}, []string{"b"}); len(got) != 3 || got[1] != "c" || got[2] != "d" {
 		t.Errorf("editList: %v", got)

cmd/hc/rules.go

@@ -64,22 +64,40 @@ func (m *matchFlags) patch(fl *pflag.FlagSet, p patch) {
 	set("family", "family", m.family)
 }
 
-// describe sums up a match: "in lan  from trusted  ssh, dns".
+// describe sums up a match in a chain ("" for NAT): "lan → firewall
-func describe(m model.Match) string {
+// from trusted  ssh,dns". Zones are a direction; the firewall itself is
+// the other end of the input and output chains.
+func describe(m model.Match, chain string) string {
 	var parts []string
-	side := func(word string, not bool, list []string) {
+	list := func(not bool, xs []string) string {
-		if len(list) == 0 {
+		s := strings.Join(xs, ",")
-			return
-		}
 		if not {
-			word += " not"
+			return "any but " + s
 		}
-		parts = append(parts, word+" "+strings.Join(list, ","))
+		return s
+	}
+	if len(m.InZones) > 0 || len(m.OutZones) > 0 {
+		in, out := "any", "any"
+		if len(m.InZones) > 0 {
+			in = list(m.NotIn, m.InZones)
+		}
+		if len(m.OutZones) > 0 {
+			out = list(m.NotOut, m.OutZones)
+		}
+		switch chain {
+		case model.ChainInput:
+			out = "firewall"
+		case model.ChainOutput:
+			in = "firewall"
+		}
+		parts = append(parts, in+" → "+out)
+	}
+	if len(m.Sources) > 0 {
+		parts = append(parts, "from "+list(m.NotSources, m.Sources))
+	}
+	if len(m.Destinations) > 0 {
+		parts = append(parts, "to "+list(m.NotDests, m.Destinations))
 	}
-	side("in", m.NotIn, m.InZones)
-	side("out", m.NotOut, m.OutZones)
-	side("from", m.NotSources, m.Sources)
-	side("to", m.NotDests, m.Destinations)
 	if len(m.Services) > 0 {
 		parts = append(parts, strings.Join(m.Services, ","))
 	}
@@ -281,7 +299,7 @@ func ruleCmd() *cobra.Command {
 			return output(rs, func(w io.Writer) {
 				fmt.Fprintln(w, "CHAIN\tID\tMATCH\tACTION\tHITS\tCOMMENT")
 				for _, r := range rs {
-					what := describe(r.Match)
+					what := describe(r.Match, r.Chain)
 					if r.Raw != "" {
 						what = "raw: " + r.Raw
 					}
@@ -304,7 +322,7 @@ func ruleCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd.AddCommand(ls)
 	cmd.AddCommand(showCmd("rules", "rule", func(w io.Writer, r model.Rule) {
 		if r.Raw == "" {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "ID:\t%d\nChain:\t%s\nMatch:\t%s%s\nAction:\t%s\n", r.ID, r.Chain, describe(r.Match), ruleExtras(r), r.Action)
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "ID:\t%d\nChain:\t%s\nMatch:\t%s%s\nAction:\t%s\n", r.ID, r.Chain, describe(r.Match, r.Chain), ruleExtras(r), r.Action)
 		} else {
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, "ID:\t%d\nChain:\t%s\n", r.ID, r.Chain)
 		}
@@ -700,7 +718,7 @@ func snatCmd() *cobra.Command {
 					if to == "" {
 						to = "masquerade"
 					}
-					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", x.ID, describe(x.Match), to, hits(cs, fmt.Sprintf("s%d", x.ID)), x.Comment)
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", x.ID, describe(x.Match, ""), to, hits(cs, fmt.Sprintf("s%d", x.ID)), x.Comment)
 				}
 			})
 		},
@@ -780,7 +798,7 @@ func redirectCmd() *cobra.Command {
 			return output(xs, func(w io.Writer) {
 				fmt.Fprintln(w, "ID\tMATCH\tTO PORT\tHITS\tCOMMENT")
 				for _, x := range xs {
-					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", x.ID, describe(x.Match), orDash(x.ToPort), hits(cs, fmt.Sprintf("d%d", x.ID)), x.Comment)
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", x.ID, describe(x.Match, ""), orDash(x.ToPort), hits(cs, fmt.Sprintf("d%d", x.ID)), x.Comment)
 				}
 			})
 		},

docs/operations.md

@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ start again. A disabled rule keeps its count for when it is enabled.
 resets; `hc rule reset-quota ID` starts one again (`--address` one device's,
 `--give 5gbytes` a top-up until the next reset). housecarld resets
 quotas at midnight when their period ends (late, if it was stopped then),
-and saves their usage every five minutes and when it stops; after a
+and saves their usage every five minutes, after every change and when
-reboot it puts it back. A reboot without a clean stop loses at most the
+it stops; after a reboot it puts it back. A reboot without a clean stop
-last five minutes' count.
+loses at most the last five minutes' count.
 
 ## The log
 

docs/rules.md

@@ -209,12 +209,26 @@ Statistics**.
 
 nftables counts a quota but never resets it, and forgets it when its
 table is replaced: Housecarl carries what each quota used across every
-change and restart, saves it every five minutes (and when housecarld
+change and restart, saves it every five minutes (and after each change,
-stops) for after a reboot, and resets quotas when their period ends.
+and when housecarld stops) for after a reboot, and resets quotas when their period ends.
 A per-address quota counts an address: a device that gets a new one
 starts again. With Steward's reservations IPv4 addresses stay; IPv6 is
 grouped by /64 (below).
 
+Changing the amount, `over` or the resets keeps what was used. Changing
+how the quota counts carries what can be carried:
+
+| Change | What was used |
+|---|---|
+| per address to one total | the addresses' sum |
+| to wider groups (IPv6 /64 to /56) | added up per new group |
+| a total to per address | starts again: a total can't be split |
+| per source to per destination (or back) | starts again |
+| to finer groups (/64 to /128) | starts again: a group can't be split |
+
+A change that starts a quota again says so (warning `quota_restarts`),
+when it is staged for review and in `hc` (also with `-n`).
+
 **Rules with a quota or a byte rate count every packet.** The built-in
 that accepts established connections comes before your rules, so a rule
 there only sees each connection's first packet. Rules that count traffic

docs/validation.md

@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ These apply to rules, source NAT and redirects.
 | `rule_group` | error | a grouping prefix outside 1-32 (IPv4) or 1-128 (IPv6) |
 | `rule_traffic_accept` | error | a rule with a quota or a byte rate that accepts: it is checked before established connections are accepted, so it can only drop, reject or log |
 | `rule_every_packet_accept` | error | a rule checked against every packet (`every_packet`) that accepts: it comes before established connections are accepted, so it can only drop, reject or log |
+| `quota_restarts` | warning | a change makes a rule count its quota so that what it used can't carry over (a total to per address, per source to per destination, finer groups): it starts again. Only on the change that does it |
 | `flowtable_traffic` | warning | a forward rule checked against every packet (a quota, a byte rate, `every_packet`) while the flowtable is on: it only sees each connection's first packets |
 | `reject_with` | error | `tcp-reset` on a rule that matches more than TCP, or with an action other than reject |
 | `log_prefix` | error | a log prefix over 100 characters |

internal/engine/engine.go

@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ func (e *Engine) commit(ctx context.Context, p *auth.Principal, description stri
 	// Only report warnings the change brings; old ones are on the status
 	// page.
 	res.Warnings = newProblems(validate.Check(e.state, e.env()), problems)
+	res.Warnings = append(res.Warnings, quotaRestarts(e.state, next)...)
 	if e.Firewall != nil {
 		if err := e.Firewall.Check(ctx, next); err != nil {
 			return res, &Error{Kind: KindFirewall, Message: "nftables refused the ruleset: " + err.Error()}
@@ -230,6 +231,23 @@ func (e *Engine) commit(ctx context.Context, p *auth.Principal, description stri
 	return res, nil
 }
 
+// quotaRestarts warns of the rules whose quota starts again because they
+// now count it in a way what they used can't be carried to.
+func quotaRestarts(before, after *model.State) []validate.Problem {
+	was := map[int64]*model.Rule{}
+	for _, r := range before.Rules {
+		was[r.ID] = r
+	}
+	var out []validate.Problem
+	for _, r := range after.Rules {
+		if carry, why := model.QuotaCarry(was[r.ID], r); carry == model.QuotaRestarts {
+			out = append(out, validate.Problem{Severity: validate.Warning, Code: "quota_restarts", Object: r.Label(),
+				Message: "its quota starts again: " + why})
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
 func newProblems(before, after []validate.Problem) []validate.Problem {
 	seen := map[string]bool{}
 	for _, p := range before {

internal/engine/engine_test.go

@@ -173,3 +173,49 @@ func TestPositionsStayStableUntilCrowded(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("order %v", order)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestQuotaRestartsWarns: a change that counts a quota so what it used
+// can't carry over warns; one that can (to a total, wider groups) doesn't.
+func TestQuotaRestartsWarns(t *testing.T) {
+	e := newEngine(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	var id int64
+	if _, err := e.Apply(ctx, admin, "", Options{}, func(st *model.State, newID func() int64) error {
+		id = newID()
+		st.Rules = append(st.Rules, &model.Rule{ID: id, Chain: "forward", Action: "drop", Quota: &model.Quota{Bytes: 1 << 30, Over: true, PerSource: true}})
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	change := func(f func(r *model.Rule)) []string {
+		res, err := e.Apply(ctx, admin, "", Options{DryRun: true}, func(st *model.State, _ func() int64) error {
+			f(st.ByID(model.KindRule, id).(*model.Rule))
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		var codes []string
+		for _, w := range res.Warnings {
+			if w.Code == "quota_restarts" {
+				codes = append(codes, w.Message)
+			}
+		}
+		return codes
+	}
+	if w := change(func(r *model.Rule) { r.Quota.PerSource, r.Quota.PerDestination = false, true }); len(w) != 1 || !strings.Contains(w[0], "per source can't be counted per destination") {
+		t.Errorf("per source to per destination: %v", w)
+	}
+	if w := change(func(r *model.Rule) { r.Quota.PerSource = false }); len(w) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("to a total (summed): %v", w)
+	}
+	if w := change(func(r *model.Rule) { r.GroupV6 = 56 }); len(w) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("wider groups: %v", w)
+	}
+	if w := change(func(r *model.Rule) { r.GroupV6 = 128 }); len(w) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("finer groups: %v", w)
+	}
+	if w := change(func(r *model.Rule) { r.Quota.Bytes = 2 << 30 }); len(w) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("another amount: %v", w)
+	}
+}

internal/model/objects.go

@@ -274,6 +274,45 @@ func (r *Rule) Groups() (v4, v6 int) {
 	return v4, v6
 }
 
+// What becomes of what a rule's quota used when the rule changes
+// (QuotaCarry).
+const (
+	QuotaKept      = ""          // counted as before: carried as it is
+	QuotaSummed    = "summed"    // per address to a total: the addresses' sum
+	QuotaRegrouped = "regrouped" // per address in wider groups: added up per group
+	QuotaRestarts  = "restarts"  // can't be carried: starts again
+)
+
+// QuotaCarry says what becomes of what old's quota used when the rule
+// becomes new (both the same rule, with quotas), and for QuotaRestarts
+// why. The amount, over and the resets don't matter: only how it counts.
+func QuotaCarry(old, new *Rule) (carry, why string) {
+	if old == nil || new == nil || old.Quota == nil || new.Quota == nil {
+		return QuotaKept, ""
+	}
+	was, is := old.Quota.PerAddress(), new.Quota.PerAddress()
+	words := map[string]string{"saddr": "per source", "daddr": "per destination", "": "in total"}
+	switch {
+	case was == "" && is == "":
+		return QuotaKept, ""
+	case is == "":
+		return QuotaSummed, ""
+	case was == "":
+		return QuotaRestarts, "a total can't be split by address, so each address starts at nothing"
+	case was != is:
+		return QuotaRestarts, "what was counted " + words[was] + " can't be counted " + words[is]
+	}
+	o4, o6 := old.Groups()
+	n4, n6 := new.Groups()
+	switch {
+	case o4 == n4 && o6 == n6:
+		return QuotaKept, ""
+	case n4 > o4 || n6 > o6:
+		return QuotaRestarts, "addresses are grouped more finely now, and a group's use can't be split"
+	}
+	return QuotaRegrouped, ""
+}
+
 // PortForward publishes a service on an inside host: incoming connections
 // to a public address and port are sent on (DNAT) to To[:ToPort], let
 // through the forward chain, and, with Hairpin, also work from inside.

internal/model/quota_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package model
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestQuotaCarry(t *testing.T) {
+	rule := func(per string, v4, v6 int) *Rule {
+		return &Rule{GroupV4: v4, GroupV6: v6, Quota: &Quota{Bytes: 1, PerSource: per == "src", PerDestination: per == "dst"}}
+	}
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		old, new *Rule
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{rule("", 0, 0), rule("", 0, 0), QuotaKept},
+		{rule("src", 0, 0), rule("src", 32, 64), QuotaKept}, // the defaults, written out
+		{rule("src", 0, 0), rule("", 0, 0), QuotaSummed},
+		{rule("", 0, 0), rule("src", 0, 0), QuotaRestarts},
+		{rule("src", 0, 0), rule("dst", 0, 0), QuotaRestarts},
+		{rule("src", 0, 0), rule("src", 24, 56), QuotaRegrouped},
+		{rule("src", 0, 0), rule("src", 24, 128), QuotaRestarts},
+		{nil, rule("src", 0, 0), QuotaKept},
+	} {
+		if got, _ := QuotaCarry(c.old, c.new); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%+v -> %+v: %q, want %q", c.old, c.new, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/nft/nft.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -424,6 +425,9 @@ type Firewall struct {
 	restore *QuotaUsage
 	// adjust are quota changes the next apply makes (AdjustQuota).
 	adjust []QuotaAdjust
+	// quotaRules are the rules with a quota in the ruleset in force, by
+	// ID: what their usage was counted by (nil before the first apply).
+	quotaRules map[int64]*model.Rule
 	// flowDevs are the flowtable's devices in the ruleset in force, by
 	// name, with their interface index then (0: left out, missing).
 	flowDevs map[string]int
@@ -510,6 +514,73 @@ func (u *QuotaUsage) apply(adj []QuotaAdjust) {
 	}
 }
 
+// carry keeps what quotas used when their rules now count differently
+// (model.QuotaCarry): per address to a total, the sum; to wider groups,
+// the groups' sums; what can't be carried starts again. was are the
+// rules in force before (nil: nothing to compare with).
+func (u *QuotaUsage) carry(was map[int64]*model.Rule, st *model.State) {
+	for _, r := range st.Rules {
+		old := was[r.ID]
+		carry, _ := model.QuotaCarry(old, r)
+		if carry == model.QuotaKept {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := render.QuotaName(r.ID)
+		sets := []string{name + "_v4", name + "_v6"}
+		switch carry {
+		case model.QuotaSummed:
+			var sum int64
+			for _, set := range sets {
+				for _, e := range u.QuotaSets[set] {
+					sum += e.Used
+				}
+			}
+			if u.Quotas == nil {
+				u.Quotas = map[string]int64{}
+			}
+			u.Quotas[name] = sum
+		case model.QuotaRegrouped:
+			v4, v6 := r.Groups()
+			for _, set := range sets {
+				byKey := map[string]int64{}
+				var order []string
+				for _, e := range u.QuotaSets[set] {
+					a, err := netip.ParseAddr(e.Addr)
+					if err != nil {
+						continue
+					}
+					bits := v4
+					if a.Is6() {
+						bits = v6
+					}
+					p, _ := a.Prefix(bits)
+					k := p.Addr().String()
+					if _, ok := byKey[k]; !ok {
+						order = append(order, k)
+					}
+					byKey[k] += e.Used
+				}
+				if len(order) == 0 {
+					continue
+				}
+				var es []render.Element
+				for _, k := range order {
+					es = append(es, render.Element{Addr: k, Used: byKey[k]})
+				}
+				u.QuotaSets[set] = es
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// What was counted the other way goes: a total, or the entries.
+		if carry != model.QuotaSummed {
+			delete(u.Quotas, name)
+		}
+		for _, set := range sets {
+			delete(u.QuotaSets, set)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // ResetQuota starts a rule's quota again: the named quota, or the
 // per-address quota sets (both families).
 func (f *Firewall) ResetQuota(ctx context.Context, ruleID int64, perAddress bool) error {
@@ -579,6 +650,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) Apply(ctx context.Context, st *model.State) error {
 		usage = old.QuotaUsage
 	}
 	usage.merge(f.restore)
+	usage.carry(f.quotaRules, st)
 	usage.apply(f.adjust)
 	f.adjust = nil
 	opt.Quotas, opt.QuotaSets = usage.Quotas, usage.QuotaSets
@@ -589,6 +661,14 @@ func (f *Firewall) Apply(ctx context.Context, st *model.State) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	f.restore = nil
+	f.quotaRules = map[int64]*model.Rule{}
+	for _, r := range st.Rules {
+		if r.Quota != nil {
+			c, q := *r, *r.Quota // only the quota and the grouping are read
+			c.Quota = &q
+			f.quotaRules[r.ID] = &c
+		}
+	}
 	f.flowDevs = map[string]int{}
 	for _, d := range st.Settings.FlowtableDevices {
 		if opt.Interfaces == nil || opt.Interfaces[d] {

internal/nft/nft_test.go

@@ -197,6 +197,21 @@ func TestQuotasInContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	if t2, d2 := used(); t2 > total-1000 || t2 < total-2000 || d2 != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("after giving back: total %d (was %d, gave 1000), per destination %d (was %d, reset)", t2, total, d2, dev)
 	}
+	// Counted in total now: what the addresses used carries over.
+	ping("127.0.0.3")
+	_, dev = used()
+	st.Rules[1].Quota.PerDestination = false
+	if err := fw.Apply(ctx, st); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tb, _ := fw.Table(ctx)
+	if tb.Quotas["quota_r2"] < dev || dev == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("per destination to a total: %d, was %d", tb.Quotas["quota_r2"], dev)
+	}
+	st.Rules[1].Quota.PerDestination = true
+	if err := fw.Apply(ctx, st); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
 	// Reset by hand.
 	if err := fw.ResetQuota(ctx, 1, false); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -211,7 +226,7 @@ func TestQuotasInContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	// saved usage comes back.
 	ping("127.0.0.2")
 	ping("127.0.0.3")
-	tb, _ := fw.Table(ctx)
+	tb, _ = fw.Table(ctx)
 	saved := tb.QuotaUsage
 	exec.Command("docker", "exec", name, "nft", "delete", "table", "inet", "housecarl").Run()
 	fw.RestoreQuotas(&saved)
@@ -240,6 +255,45 @@ func TestQuotaAdjust(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestQuotaCarry: usage follows a rule counting its quota differently.
+func TestQuotaCarry(t *testing.T) {
+	perSource := &model.Rule{ID: 2, Quota: &model.Quota{Bytes: 1 << 30, PerSource: true}}
+	usage := func() QuotaUsage {
+		return QuotaUsage{Quotas: map[string]int64{}, QuotaSets: map[string][]render.Element{
+			"quota_r2_v4": {{Addr: "10.0.0.1", Used: 100}, {Addr: "10.0.0.2", Used: 50}},
+			"quota_r2_v6": {{Addr: "2001:db8:0:1::", Used: 7}, {Addr: "2001:db8:0:2::", Used: 3}}}}
+	}
+	was := map[int64]*model.Rule{2: perSource}
+	with := func(f func(r *model.Rule)) *model.State {
+		r := *perSource
+		q := *perSource.Quota
+		r.Quota = &q
+		f(&r)
+		return &model.State{Rules: []*model.Rule{&r}}
+	}
+	u := usage()
+	u.carry(was, with(func(r *model.Rule) { r.Quota.PerSource = false }))
+	if u.Quotas["quota_r2"] != 160 || len(u.QuotaSets["quota_r2_v4"]) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("to a total: %+v", u)
+	}
+	u = usage()
+	u.carry(was, with(func(r *model.Rule) { r.GroupV4, r.GroupV6 = 24, 48 }))
+	want := map[string][]render.Element{"quota_r2_v4": {{Addr: "10.0.0.0", Used: 150}}, "quota_r2_v6": {{Addr: "2001:db8::", Used: 10}}}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(u.QuotaSets, want) {
+		t.Errorf("wider groups: %+v", u.QuotaSets)
+	}
+	u = usage()
+	u.carry(was, with(func(r *model.Rule) { r.Quota.PerSource, r.Quota.PerDestination = false, true }))
+	if len(u.QuotaSets) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("per destination now: %+v", u.QuotaSets)
+	}
+	u = usage()
+	u.carry(nil, with(func(r *model.Rule) { r.Quota.PerSource = false }))
+	if len(u.QuotaSets["quota_r2_v4"]) != 2 || u.Quotas["quota_r2"] != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("nothing to compare with (the first apply): %+v", u)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestDeviceCountsInContainer: the per-device counters are read back and
 // survive a reload.
 func TestDeviceCountsInContainer(t *testing.T) {

internal/server/server.go

@@ -141,6 +141,16 @@ func New(cfg Config, eng *engine.Engine, fw Firewall, ifaces Interfaces, log *sl
 	s := &Server{cfg: cfg, eng: eng, fw: fw, ifaces: ifaces, store: eng.Store(), log: log, mux: http.NewServeMux(), limiter: newRateLimiter(),
 		web: web, started: time.Now(), logs: newLogRing(2000), nowFn: time.Now, unitLinks: nftablesUnitLinks}
 	s.routes()
+	// What the quotas used is saved after every change too, not only every
+	// five minutes: a change that counts a quota differently converts its
+	// usage, and a restart must not bring back the old kind.
+	prev := eng.OnChange
+	eng.OnChange = func(st *model.State) {
+		if prev != nil {
+			prev(st)
+		}
+		s.SaveQuotaUsage(context.Background())
+	}
 	return s
 }
 

internal/server/server_test.go

@@ -792,6 +792,21 @@ func TestQuotaResets(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestQuotaUsageSavedOnChange: a change saves what the quotas used at
+// once (a restart must not bring back usage counted the old way).
+func TestQuotaUsageSavedOnChange(t *testing.T) {
+	e := newEnv(t)
+	e.call(e.token, "POST", "/zones", model.Zone{Name: "lan", Interfaces: []string{"eth1"}}, nil)
+	e.fw.mu.Lock()
+	e.fw.quotas = nft.QuotaUsage{Quotas: map[string]int64{"quota_r7": 4242}}
+	e.fw.mu.Unlock()
+	e.call(e.token, "POST", "/zones", model.Zone{Name: "dmz", Interfaces: []string{"eth2"}}, nil)
+	v, err := e.eng.Store().GetMeta(context.Background(), QuotaUsageKey)
+	if err != nil || !strings.Contains(v, `"quota_r7":4242`) {
+		t.Errorf("saved usage %q %v", v, err)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestAutoConfirm: the client that made a change confirms it by itself:
 // with its token, from the same address, over a new connection. Nobody
 // else can, an older token can't, and with manual_confirm there is none.

internal/stats/collector.go

@@ -402,7 +402,10 @@ func (c *Collector) sample(ctx context.Context, minute int64) map[string]int64 {
 			for set, es := range t.QuotaSets {
 				kind := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimSuffix(set, "_v4"), "_v6")
 				for _, e := range es {
-					addTop(kind, e.Addr, c.table.of(set+"/"+e.Addr, e.Used))
+					d := c.table.of(set+"/"+e.Addr, e.Used)
+					addTop(kind, e.Addr, d)
+					// A per-address quota's series is its addresses' sum.
+					add("quota:"+strings.TrimPrefix(kind, "quota_"), d)
 				}
 			}
 			for set, es := range t.DeviceSets {

internal/stats/collector_test.go

@@ -85,6 +85,10 @@ func TestCollector(t *testing.T) {
 	h.table.Counters["r1"] = nft.Counter{Packets: 10, Bytes: 1000}
 	h.table.Counters["r2"] = nft.Counter{Packets: 100, Bytes: 9000}
 	h.table.Quotas["quota_r5"] = 1 << 20
+	if h.table.QuotaSets == nil {
+		h.table.QuotaSets = map[string][]render.Element{}
+	}
+	h.table.QuotaSets["quota_r6_v4"] = []render.Element{{Addr: "10.0.10.5", Used: 1000}}
 	h.table.DeviceSets["stats_up_v4"] = []render.Element{{Addr: "10.0.10.5", Bytes: 5000}}
 
 	store, err := OpenStore(":memory:")
@@ -104,6 +108,7 @@ func TestCollector(t *testing.T) {
 	h.table.Counters["r1"] = nft.Counter{Packets: 25, Bytes: 2500}
 	h.table.Counters["p-input"] = nft.Counter{Packets: 3, Bytes: 180} // a new counter counts whole
 	h.table.Quotas["quota_r5"] = 3 << 20
+	h.table.QuotaSets["quota_r6_v4"] = []render.Element{{Addr: "10.0.10.5", Used: 2000}, {Addr: "10.0.10.6", Used: 500}} // a new entry counts whole
 	h.table.DeviceSets["stats_up_v4"] = []render.Element{{Addr: "10.0.10.5", Bytes: 8000}}
 	h.table.DeviceSets["stats_down_v6"] = []render.Element{{Addr: "2001:db8:1:2::", Bytes: 70000}}
 	for range 2 {
@@ -142,6 +147,7 @@ func TestCollector(t *testing.T) {
 	check("drop:forward", sum("drop:")["forward"], 15)
 	check("drop:input", sum("drop:")["input"], 3)
 	check("quota:r5", sum("quota:")["r5"], 2<<20)
+	check("quota:r6 (per address: the sum)", sum("quota:")["r6"], 1500)
 
 	s, err := q.Summary(ctx, time.Hour, 10)
 	if err != nil {

internal/web/static/assets/charts.js

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ export function heatmapTable(hm, unit) {
 // so the list is its own table view.
 // extra(key), when given, adds something after an entry's label (e.g. a
 // link that excludes it).
-export function barList(entries, { total, label = (k) => k, empty = "No data yet.", href, extra, format = compact } = {}) {
+export function barList(entries, { total, label = (k) => k, empty = "No data yet.", href, extra, format = compact, share: showShare = true } = {}) {
   if (!entries.length) return h("div", { class: "empty" }, empty);
   // Entries may be in a natural order (e.g. latency buckets), not by size.
   const peak = Math.max(1, ...entries.map((e) => e.count));
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ export function barList(entries, { total, label = (k) => k, empty = "No data yet
     return h("li", { title: (e.name ? e.name + " (" + name + ")" : name) + ": " + format(e.count) + " (" + share.toFixed(1) + "%)" },
       h("div", { class: "bar-text" },
         link ? h("a", { href: link, class: "bar-label" }, shown) : h("span", { class: "bar-label" }, shown),
-        h("span", { class: "bar-value" }, extra ? [extra(e.key), " "] : null, format(e.count), h("span", { class: "muted" }, " · " + share.toFixed(share < 10 ? 1 : 0) + "%"))),
+        h("span", { class: "bar-value" }, extra ? [extra(e.key), " "] : null, format(e.count), showShare ? h("span", { class: "muted" }, " · " + share.toFixed(share < 10 ? 1 : 0) + "%") : null)),
       h("div", { class: "bar-track" }, h("div", { class: "bar-fill", style: { width: Math.max(0.5, (e.count / peak) * 100) + "%" } })));
   }));
 }

internal/web/static/assets/pages/dashboard.js

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import { h, mount, table, badge, problemsList, time, plural } from "../ui.js";
 import { get, can } from "../api.js";
 import { onLeave } from "../app.js";
-import { describe, hits, humanCount, fmtBytes, usageBar, lookupNames, named } from "../widgets.js";
+import { describe, hits, humanCount, fmtBytes, usageBar, lookupNames, named, pct } from "../widgets.js";
 import { lineChart, chartCard, legend, timeTable, stepSeconds } from "../charts.js";
 import { bytes } from "./stats.js";
 
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ function quotaPanel(quotas, names) {
       { label: "Rule", render: (q) => h("a", { href: "#/rules?rule=" + q.rule_id }, q.rule) },
       { label: "Allowance", render: (q) => fmtBytes(q.quota.bytes) + (q.quota.per_source ? " each source" : q.quota.per_destination ? " each destination" : "") },
       { label: "Used", render: (q) => perAddress(q)
-        ? [plural((q.addresses || []).length, "address", "addresses"), q.addresses && q.addresses.length ? [", busiest ", named(names, q.addresses[0].address), " " + fmtBytes(used(q))] : ""]
+        ? [plural((q.addresses || []).length, "address", "addresses"), q.addresses && q.addresses.length ? [", busiest ", named(names, q.addresses[0].address), " " + fmtBytes(used(q)) + " (" + pct(used(q), q.quota.bytes) + ")"] : ""]
-        : fmtBytes(q.used) },
+        : fmtBytes(q.used) + " (" + pct(q.used, q.quota.bytes) + ")" },
       { label: "", render: (q) => usageBar(used(q), q.quota.bytes) },
       { label: "Next reset", render: (q) => q.next_reset ? time(q.next_reset) : h("span", { class: "muted" }, "by hand") },
     ], quotas));

internal/web/static/assets/pages/rules.js

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { h, mount, table, modal, errorBox, field, input, select, checkbox, confirmDialog, badge, textarea, toast } from "../ui.js";
 import { get, api, change, can } from "../api.js";
 import { rerender } from "../app.js";
-import { names, matchEditor, describe, hits, counters, listEditor, rowClass, live, fmtBytes, quotas, usageBar, lookupNames, named } from "../widgets.js";
+import { names, matchEditor, describe, hits, counters, listEditor, rowClass, live, fmtBytes, quotas, usageBar, lookupNames, named, pct } from "../widgets.js";
 
 const chains = [
   ["input", "Input", "Traffic to the firewall itself."],
@@ -165,10 +165,10 @@ function quotaLine(r, q) {
   const each = qt.per_source ? " each source" : qt.per_destination ? " each destination" : "";
   const resets = qt.reset === "monthly" ? "monthly" : qt.reset || "reset by hand";
   let used = fmtBytes(qt.bytes) + each;
-  if (q && !each) used = fmtBytes(q.used) + " of " + fmtBytes(qt.bytes) + " used";
+  if (q && !each) used = fmtBytes(q.used) + " of " + fmtBytes(qt.bytes) + " used (" + pct(q.used, qt.bytes) + ")";
   else if (q) {
     const n = (q.addresses || []).length;
-    used += " · " + (n === 1 ? "1 address" : n + " addresses") + (n ? ", busiest " + fmtBytes(q.addresses[0].used) : "");
+    used += " · " + (n === 1 ? "1 address" : n + " addresses") + (n ? ", busiest " + fmtBytes(q.addresses[0].used) + " (" + pct(q.addresses[0].used, qt.bytes) + ")" : "");
   }
   const text = "quota " + used + " · " + resets;
   return h("div", { class: "muted small" }, q && r.pending !== "new"
@@ -193,12 +193,13 @@ async function quotaDialog(r, q) {
     perAddress ? table([
       { label: "Address", render: (a) => h("span", { class: "mono" }, named(names, a.address)) },
       { label: "Used", render: (a) => fmtBytes(a.used) },
+      { label: "", class: "num", tdClass: "num", render: (a) => pct(a.used, qt.bytes) },
       { label: "", render: (a) => usageBar(a.used, qt.bytes) },
       write ? { label: "", render: (a) => h("span", { class: "nowrap" },
         h("button", { class: "small", onclick: then(() => resetQuota(r, a.address)) }, "Reset"), " ",
         h("button", { class: "small", onclick: then(() => giveBack(r, a.address)) }, "Give back…")) } : null,
     ].filter(Boolean), q.addresses || [], { empty: "No address has used it since the last reset." })
-      : h("div", null, h("strong", null, fmtBytes(q.used)), " of " + fmtBytes(qt.bytes) + " used", usageBar(q.used, qt.bytes))),
+      : h("div", null, h("strong", null, fmtBytes(q.used)), " of " + fmtBytes(qt.bytes) + " used (" + pct(q.used, qt.bytes) + ")", usageBar(q.used, qt.bytes))),
   [
     ...(write ? [{ label: perAddress ? "Reset all" : "Reset", value: "reset" }, { label: perAddress ? "Give back to all…" : "Give back…", value: "give" }] : []),
     { label: "Close", value: null },

internal/web/static/assets/pages/stats.js

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ export async function render(el, params, query) {
     listCard("What they tried", "the logged drops' protocol and port", barList(s.blocked_ports, { empty: "No logged drops " + rangeLabel + "." })),
     listCard("Devices, received", "bytes from external zones, by inside address (IPv6 per /64)", s.devices_down.length ? barList(s.devices_down, { format: bytes, href: connHref }) : devHint),
     listCard("Devices, sent", "bytes to external zones", s.devices_up.length ? barList(s.devices_up, { format: bytes, href: connHref }) : devHint.cloneNode(true)),
-    d.quotas.length ? listCard("Quotas", "bytes counted against each rule's quota, " + rangeLabel, barList(d.quotas, { format: bytes, label: (k) => "rule #" + k.slice(1), href: () => "#/rules" })) : null,
+    d.quotas.length ? listCard("Quotas", "bytes counted against each rule's quota, " + rangeLabel, barList(d.quotas, { format: bytes, label: (k) => (d.hits.find((x) => x.key === k) || {}).name || "rule #" + k.slice(1), href: ruleHref, share: false })) : null,
     listCard("Rules that matched nothing", "in the last 30 days (or since statistics started): candidates to remove",
       unused.length ? h("div", null, h("ul", { class: "plain-list" }, unused.slice(0, 12).map((e) => h("li", null, h("a", { href: ruleHref(e.key) }, e.name || e.key)))),
         unused.length > 12 ? h("div", { class: "muted small" }, "and " + (unused.length - 12) + " more: hc stats rules --unused") : null) : h("div", { class: "empty" }, "Every rule matched something."))));

internal/web/static/assets/widgets.js

@@ -98,11 +98,16 @@ export function matchEditor(m, n, opts = {}) {
 // describe sums up a match: "in lan · from trusted · ssh, dns".
 export function describe(m) {
   const parts = [];
-  const side = (word, not, list) => { if (list && list.length) parts.push(word + (not ? " not " : " ") + list.join(", ")); };
+  const list = (not, xs) => (not ? "any but " : "") + xs.join(", ");
-  side("in", m.not_in, m.in_zones);
+  // Zones are a direction, "lan → wan"; the firewall itself is the other
-  side("out", m.not_out, m.out_zones);
+  // end of the input and output chains.
-  side("from", m.not_sources, m.sources);
+  const ins = m.in_zones || [], outs = m.out_zones || [];
-  side("to", m.not_destinations, m.destinations);
+  if (ins.length || outs.length) {
+    parts.push((m.chain === "output" ? "firewall" : ins.length ? list(m.not_in, ins) : "any") + " → " +
+      (m.chain === "input" ? "firewall" : outs.length ? list(m.not_out, outs) : "any"));
+  }
+  if (m.sources && m.sources.length) parts.push("from " + list(m.not_sources, m.sources));
+  if (m.destinations && m.destinations.length) parts.push("to " + list(m.not_destinations, m.destinations));
   if (m.services && m.services.length) parts.push(m.services.join(", "));
   if (m.family) parts.push(m.family + " only");
   return parts.length ? parts.join(" · ") : "everything";
@@ -156,6 +161,13 @@ export function fmtBytes(n) {
   return n + " bytes";
 }
 
+// pct writes used as a share of total: "25%", "<1%" for a little.
+export function pct(used, total) {
+  if (!total || used <= 0) return "0%";
+  const p = used / total * 100;
+  return p < 1 ? "<1%" : Math.floor(p) + "%";
+}
+
 // usageBar draws used out of total as a bar, red once it is all used.
 export function usageBar(used, total) {
   const seg = h("div", { class: "seg leased" });

scripts/e2e.sh

@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ send 2000000 >/dev/null 2>&1
 run "used up: the device is cut off" 1 send 1000
 run "the usage" 0 H quotas
 contains "e2e quota.*1.0 MB each.*by hand"
-contains "$CLIENT4 (e2e-client)  *1\.[0-9] MB"
+contains "$CLIENT4 (e2e-client)  *1\.[0-9] MB (1[0-9][0-9]%)"
 stop; start
 run "after a restart, still used up" 1 send 1000
 run "the usage after a restart" 0 H quotas
@@ -342,6 +342,15 @@ run "the device is back" 0 send 1000
 run "the reset is audited" 0 H audit --action quota.
 contains "quota.reset"
 contains "quota.give"
+# Counted in total now: what the device used carries over; per
+# destination can't take it, and says so.
+run "within the quota" 0 send 300000
+run "to one total" 0 H rule update "$QR" --quota 1mbytes,over
+not_contains "quota_restarts"
+run "the total carried over" 0 H quotas
+contains "e2e quota)  *[0-9.]* KB ([0-9]*%)"
+run "per destination starts again" 0 H rule update "$QR" --quota 1mbytes,over,per-destination
+contains "quota_restarts"
 run "the quota rule goes" 0 H rule delete -y "$QR"
 
 # ---- the zone matrix, of the imported ruleset