Internet exposure checks and response rate limiting

Jarl works out which views are reachable from the internet (match-clients
ending in a catch-all, not private-looking addresses: an internal view of a
global IPv6 prefix is still yours; a server without views: open allow-query
and a non-private listen address), with a per-view override (schema 9), and
checks public ones: rate limiting, open resolver, minimal-any, cache
snooping, open NOTIFY and transfers, version and host name, management
interfaces. Fixes are staged like any change, including rate limiting from
ISC's example in log-only mode with the secondaries exempt, then enforcing.
named logs what rate limiting limits (or would, in log-only mode, where its
counters don't move) as query-errors; Jarl routes those lines to its log
and counts them (rrl breakdown, ratelimited top lists, Prometheus
jarl_ratelimit_logged_total), shown on the new Exposure page.

A change that newly opens a public view up must be confirmed (accept_risk,
--accept-risk, a checkbox on the Changes page; 409 confirm_risk
otherwise). Findings can be acknowledged with a reason and stay visible as
info. GET /exposure, POST /exposure/fix|ack|unack, jarl exposure,
docs/exposure.md.

Also fixes query statistics skipping TSIG-signed queries ("IP#port/key
NAME" in named's log).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/api.md

@@ -471,6 +471,7 @@ written in Jarl's fixed order (docs/concepts.md).
 | GET | `/catalog/options` | scopes and zone types; with `?scope=options\|view\|toplevel\|zone:primary\|...` every statement allowed there (name, grammar, kind, status, ARM description). `?all=1` includes statements Jarl manages itself |
 | GET | `/catalog/rrtypes` | record types with field hints and examples |
 | GET | `/catalog/grants` | resources, roles and the grant syntax |
+| GET | `/exposure` | which views are reachable from the internet, the exposure findings and their fixes ([exposure.md](exposure.md#api)); `POST /exposure/fix`, `/exposure/ack`, `/exposure/unack` |
 | GET | `/catalog/ranges?r=A-B,C-D` | for each address range: `range` (canonical), `size` ("99 addresses"), and the `prefixes` it is written to named.conf as; or `error`. Text that isn't a range is left out |
 | GET | `/search?q=text` | zones, records and ACLs matching the text |
 

docs/cli.md

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ to stderr with `-o json` or `-o yaml`, so stdout holds just the documents.
 | `-n, --dry-run` | Validate and show the diff without changing anything. |
 | `-C, --changeset ID` | Stage the change into an open changeset instead of applying it. |
 | `--force` | Overwrite BIND files that were changed outside Jarl (drift). |
+| `--accept-risk` | Confirm a change that opens a public view up, such as an open resolver ([exposure.md](exposure.md)). Without it such a change stops with exit 5. |
 | `-q, --quiet` | Print only errors, or just the IDs: of what a command creates, or what `show` and `list` find (like `-o id`). |
 
 ## Exit codes
@@ -382,6 +383,20 @@ an administrator).
 
 Changesets staged in the web UI show up here too, and the other way round.
 
+## Internet exposure
+
+```sh
+jarl exposure                                         # public views, findings, fixes, rate limiting
+jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit        # rate limiting, log-only first
+jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit_log_only   # then start enforcing
+jarl exposure fix server exposure_version
+jarl exposure ack external security_open_resolver --reason "public resolver, monitored"
+jarl exposure unack external security_open_resolver
+jarl view update external --exposure public|private|auto
+```
+
+See [exposure.md](exposure.md).
+
 ## Views, ACLs, TSIG keys, options, settings
 
 ```sh

docs/exposure.md

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Internet exposure
+
+When a view (or the whole server) can be reached from the internet, a few
+things matter that don't on your own network: it shouldn't help attackers
+flood others with DNS answers (amplification), recurse for strangers, or
+tell scanners its exact version. Jarl works out which views are public,
+checks them, and stages the fixes for you to review.
+
+In the web UI: **Exposure** (and its card on the dashboard). In the CLI:
+`jarl exposure`. In the API: `GET /api/v1/exposure`.
+
+## Which views are public
+
+A view is **public** when its `match-clients` let in anyone: after ACLs
+and ranges are filled in, they end in a catch-all (`any`, `0.0.0.0/0`,
+`::/0`, or a prefix wider than /8 for IPv4 or /16 for IPv6), or they are
+empty, which named reads as "any". A typical external view
+(`match-clients { any; }` or `{ !internal; any; }`) is public.
+
+A view that lists the networks it serves is **private**, whatever kind of
+addresses those are. An internal view for your global IPv6 prefix
+(`2a02:8013:7f3d:10::/64`) is as private as one for `192.168.1.0/24`:
+listing a network says "these are mine". Jarl doesn't look at whether
+addresses are private (RFC 1918, ULA) for this, because on IPv6 your own
+devices have global addresses.
+
+A view whose `match-destinations` list only private addresses (it answers
+only on a private interface) is private too.
+
+**A server without views** has no match list, so Jarl looks at
+`allow-query` and where named listens: it is public when anyone may query
+it (`allow-query` unset, or with a catch-all) **and** named listens on an
+address that isn't private (a public IPv4 address or a global IPv6
+address of this host). This can't see your firewall, so it is a guess.
+
+**When Jarl gets it wrong**, override it per view: `public`, `private` or
+`auto`. For example, behind a NAT port forward named only ever sees
+private addresses although it is reachable from the internet.
+
+```sh
+jarl view update external --exposure public
+jarl settings set --exposure private          # a server without views
+```
+
+The Exposure page shows each view's classification and the reason
+("match-clients ends in any", "match-clients lists only homelab, no
+catch-all"), with a selector for the override.
+
+## The checks
+
+They run on public views only, and are warnings (they don't stop you
+applying) unless acknowledged.
+
+| Code | What | Fix Jarl can stage |
+|------|------|-------------------|
+| `exposure_rate_limit` | No response rate limiting: the view can be used to flood others with its answers (DNS amplification) | `rate-limit { responses-per-second 10; log-only yes; exempt-clients { your secondaries }; }` |
+| `exposure_rate_limit_log_only` (info) | Rate limiting only logs | The same block without `log-only`: start enforcing |
+| `security_open_resolver` | Recursion for anyone: an open resolver | `recursion no` in that view |
+| `exposure_minimal_any` | ANY queries get full answers, a favourite for amplification | `minimal-any yes` |
+| `exposure_cache_snooping` | `allow-query-cache` lets anyone see what your clients look up | `allow-query-cache { none; }` |
+| `security_open_transfer` | Zone transfers for anyone | none: allow your secondaries or a TSIG key |
+| `exposure_open_notify` | `allow-notify` accepts NOTIFY from anyone | none: allow your primaries |
+| `exposure_version` | `dig CH TXT version.bind` shows the exact BIND version | `version none` |
+| `exposure_hostname` | `dig CH TXT hostname.bind` shows the host name | `hostname none` |
+| `exposure_management` | `controls` or `statistics-channels` on an address that isn't loopback, open to anyone | none: use 127.0.0.1 or an allow list |
+
+The last three are server-wide: they are checked when any view is public.
+
+A **fix** goes into your pending changes like any edit (or is applied at
+once in live mode), so you see the named.conf diff before it reaches named:
+
+```sh
+jarl exposure                                         # classification, findings, fixes
+jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit
+jarl exposure fix server exposure_version
+```
+
+## Response rate limiting
+
+Response rate limiting (RRL, BIND's `rate-limit`) counts identical
+responses sent to the same client network. Past the limit, named drops
+some and "slips" others: it sends a short reply asking the client to retry
+over TCP (or with a DNS cookie). A real client does; the spoofed victim of
+an amplification attack never sees the answers it didn't ask for. ISC
+recommends it for authoritative servers only, so Jarl only suggests it for
+public views, never for your internal resolver.
+
+Jarl starts from ISC's example, 10 identical responses per second per
+client network, and exempts the servers your zones notify and allow
+transfers to (`also-notify` and `allow-transfer` addresses, through ACLs
+too): limiting your own secondaries is the classic RRL mistake.
+
+**Rollout in two steps:**
+
+1. The fix turns rate limiting on with `log-only yes`. named answers
+   everyone as before, but logs every response it *would* have limited.
+   With [query statistics](stats.md) on, Jarl reads those lines: the
+   Exposure page shows how many responses would have been limited, and
+   which client networks and names. Check that your secondaries,
+   monitoring, or a big shared resolver aren't among them (add them to
+   `exempt-clients` if they are).
+2. When you're happy, **Start enforcing** (the fix of
+   `exposure_rate_limit_log_only`) removes `log-only`.
+
+In log-only mode named's own counters don't move: what would be limited
+is only in its log (category `query-errors`). That is why the activity
+needs query statistics; without them, look at named's log for
+`would rate limit`. When rate limiting is configured and statistics are
+on, Jarl adds `query-errors` to its log channel (keeping named's syslog
+destination for it).
+
+The statistics also count it: the `rrl` breakdown (`drop`, `slip`,
+`would-drop`, `would-slip`), the `ratelimited` and `ratelimited_name` top
+lists, and in Prometheus `jarl_ratelimit_logged_total{action}` next to
+named's own `jarl_ratelimit_responses_total` ([metrics.md](metrics.md)).
+
+You can tune the block like any option (`jarl option set rate-limit '{
+responses-per-second 20; window 15; exempt-clients { 192.0.2.53; }; }'
+--view external`); the BIND ARM describes every setting.
+
+## Confirming a change that opens a view up
+
+A change that *introduces* an open resolver, open zone transfers, cache
+snooping, open NOTIFY or an open management interface on a public view
+must be confirmed:
+
+- **Web UI:** the Changes page shows the finding with a checkbox (*I
+  understand: …*); **Apply** stays disabled until it is ticked.
+- **CLI:** the command stops (exit 5) and says why; run it again with
+  `--accept-risk`.
+- **API:** `accept_risk: true` in the apply body, or `?accept_risk=1` on a
+  change applied at once; without it the answer is 409 `confirm_risk`.
+  Previews (`GET /changesets/{id}/preview`) list them as `risks`.
+
+Only changes that newly open something up ask: an unrelated change to a
+view that is already open, or taking back an acknowledgement, doesn't.
+
+## Acknowledging a finding
+
+Some findings are deliberate: a public resolver for a club's network, a
+visible version string. Acknowledge them with a reason:
+
+```sh
+jarl exposure ack external security_open_resolver --reason "public resolver for the club, monitored"
+jarl exposure ack server exposure_version --reason "version shown on purpose"
+jarl exposure unack external security_open_resolver
+```
+
+The finding doesn't disappear: it stays visible as **info**, with who
+accepted it, when and why (*open resolver … (acknowledged by adam on 12
+Oct 2026: public resolver for the club, monitored)*), on the Exposure page,
+the dashboard and in `jarl check`. An acknowledgement covers that one
+finding on that one view (or the server); the same finding elsewhere
+warns as usual. Acknowledging is a configuration change like any other,
+so it is in the history and audit log, and can be reverted.
+
+Jarl isn't designed to run an open resolver, and an acknowledgement makes
+one deliberate and visible, not safe: a public resolver also needs abuse
+monitoring, response size limits and usually a machine of its own.
+
+## API
+
+| Method | Path | Body |
+|--------|------|------|
+| GET | `/exposure` | `scopes` (per view, or the server: `public`, `override`, `reason`, `rate_limit` off/log-only/enforcing, `findings` with `fix` where Jarl has one), `server` (server-wide findings), `rate_limiting` (last 24h, with statistics: `counts`, `networks`, `names`) |
+| POST | `/exposure/fix` | `{"view": "external", "code": "exposure_rate_limit"}` (`view_id` works too; no view: the server). Staged with `?changeset=` like any change |
+| POST | `/exposure/ack` | `{"view": "external", "code": "security_open_resolver", "reason": "..."}` |
+| POST | `/exposure/unack` | `{"view": "external", "code": "security_open_resolver"}` |
+
+The override is a view's `exposure` field (`PATCH /views/{id}`), or the
+settings' for a server without views (`PATCH /settings`).

docs/metrics.md

@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ for them.
 | `jarl_queries_by_transport_total{transport}` | `udp` and `tcp`. |
 | `jarl_answers_total{source}` | `authoritative` or `recursive`. |
 | `jarl_recursion_queries_total`, `jarl_dropped_queries_total`, `jarl_duplicate_queries_total` | Queries that caused recursion, that named dropped, and duplicates. |
-| `jarl_ratelimit_responses_total{action}` | Responses rate limiting `dropped` or `slipped`. |
+| `jarl_ratelimit_responses_total{action}` | Responses rate limiting `dropped` or `slipped` (named's counters; they don't move in log-only mode). |
+| `jarl_ratelimit_logged_total{action}` | Rate limited responses from named's log: `drop`, `slip`, and in log-only mode `would-drop`, `would-slip` ([exposure.md](exposure.md#response-rate-limiting)). |
 | `jarl_upstream_responses_by_rtt_total{rtt}` | Upstream answers during recursion by round-trip time (`<10ms` … `>1600ms`). |
 | `jarl_dnssec_validations_total{result}` | `valid`, `valid-negative` and `failed`. |
 | `jarl_cache_lookups_total{result}` | `hits` and `misses`. |

docs/stats.md

@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ lists, views, zones). named's own counters can't be filtered.
 | `zone:NAME` | response log | answers per local zone; `zone:-` for names in none of your zones |
 | `responses` | response log | lines read (a health check) |
 | `blocked`, `blocklist:NAME` | response log | queries [blocking](blocking.md) answered, and by which list (`blocklist:rules` for your own rules) |
+| `rrl:drop`, `rrl:slip`, `rrl:would-drop`, `rrl:would-slip` | response log | responses [rate limiting](exposure.md#response-rate-limiting) limited, or would have in log-only mode (named's own `ratelimit:*` counters don't move then) |
 
 **Server** (sampled every minute; stored as gauges, `g:KEY` the sum of
 the samples and `gn:KEY` their number, so a chart shows the average):
@@ -167,7 +168,8 @@ jarl stats top refused                     # who asks for what they may not have
 jarl stats timeline --since 6h             # sparkline; --table for every bucket
 jarl stats timeline --since 7d --key rcode:NXDOMAIN --key rcode:SERVFAIL
 jarl stats heatmap --since 28d
-jarl stats breakdown qtype | rcode | view | zone | answer | rtt | dnssec | cache | transport | ratelimit
+jarl stats breakdown qtype | rcode | view | zone | answer | rtt | dnssec | cache | transport | ratelimit | rrl
+jarl stats top ratelimited                 # client networks rate limiting limits (or would)
 jarl stats server                          # memory, CPU, cache, clients, host, disks now
 jarl stats timeline --since 7d --key g:named:rss --table   # named's memory over a week
 jarl stats summary --since 30d -o json     # export (also -o yaml)

docs/validation.md

@@ -124,11 +124,26 @@ From [blocking.md](blocking.md).
 
 ## Security lints
 
+These and the exposure checks below only look at views that are
+reachable from the internet ([exposure.md](exposure.md)); without views,
+the open resolver and open transfer checks look at the server. Any of them
+can be acknowledged (it then shows as info, with who accepted it and why),
+and a change that newly introduces an open resolver, open transfers, cache
+snooping, open NOTIFY or an open management interface on a public view
+must be confirmed (`--accept-risk`).
+
 | Code | Severity | What it catches |
 |------|----------|-----------------|
 | `security_open_resolver` | warning | A view (or the server) where recursion is on and reachable by any client. This includes the BIND trap where `allow-recursion` is unset and inherits `allow-query { any; }`. Open resolvers are abused for DDoS amplification. Set `allow-recursion` to your own networks |
 | `security_open_transfer` | warning | `allow-transfer` open to anyone. Restrict it to your secondaries or a TSIG key |
 | `dynamic_update_unsupported` | error | `allow-update` / `update-policy` on a Jarl zone. named would write to files that Jarl regenerates, losing the updates. Use the API (e.g. `jarl acme`) instead |
+| `exposure_rate_limit` | warning | A public view without response rate limiting (`rate-limit`) |
+| `exposure_rate_limit_log_only` | info | Rate limiting in log-only mode: check what it would limit, then enforce |
+| `exposure_minimal_any` | warning | A public view answering ANY queries in full (`minimal-any` off) |
+| `exposure_cache_snooping` | warning | A public view without recursion whose cache anyone may query (`allow-query-cache`) |
+| `exposure_open_notify` | warning | A public view accepting NOTIFY from anyone (`allow-notify`) |
+| `exposure_version`, `exposure_hostname` | warning | The server is public and shows its BIND version or host name to anyone (`version none`, `hostname none`) |
+| `exposure_management` | warning | `controls` or `statistics-channels` on an address that isn't loopback, open to anyone, while the server is public |
 
 ## What only BIND checks
 

docs/views.md

@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ avoids named-checkconf's warning that `allow-recursion` is still active in a
 view with recursion off. Jarl warns (`security_open_resolver`) if a view
 ever offers recursion to everyone.
 
+Jarl counts the external view as reachable from the internet (its
+match-clients end in `any`) and checks it: rate limiting, ANY queries,
+the version string and more. See the **Exposure** page or `jarl exposure`,
+and [exposure.md](exposure.md) to set up response rate limiting.
+
 ### 4. Give the external view its zones
 
 **Different data per view (split DNS).** Copy the zone, then change what