Internet exposure checks and response rate limiting

Jarl works out which views are reachable from the internet (match-clients
ending in a catch-all, not private-looking addresses: an internal view of a
global IPv6 prefix is still yours; a server without views: open allow-query
and a non-private listen address), with a per-view override (schema 9), and
checks public ones: rate limiting, open resolver, minimal-any, cache
snooping, open NOTIFY and transfers, version and host name, management
interfaces. Fixes are staged like any change, including rate limiting from
ISC's example in log-only mode with the secondaries exempt, then enforcing.
named logs what rate limiting limits (or would, in log-only mode, where its
counters don't move) as query-errors; Jarl routes those lines to its log
and counts them (rrl breakdown, ratelimited top lists, Prometheus
jarl_ratelimit_logged_total), shown on the new Exposure page.

A change that newly opens a public view up must be confirmed (accept_risk,
--accept-risk, a checkbox on the Changes page; 409 confirm_risk
otherwise). Findings can be acknowledged with a reason and stay visible as
info. GET /exposure, POST /exposure/fix|ack|unack, jarl exposure,
docs/exposure.md.

Also fixes query statistics skipping TSIG-signed queries ("IP#port/key
NAME" in named's log).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -8,12 +8,21 @@ All notable changes to Jarl are documented here. The format follows
 
 ### Upgrading from 0.4
 
+- New exposure warnings (docs/exposure.md) appear for views reachable from
+  the internet, e.g. "no rate-limit" or "version visible" on an external
+  view: fix them from the Exposure page, or acknowledge them. A change
+  that newly opens a public view up (an open resolver, say) now needs
+  `--accept-risk`, or the checkbox on the Changes page.
+
 - Once you use address ranges, the database can't go back to 0.4: its
   parser doesn't know them. Remove the ranges first if you need to
   downgrade.
 
 ### Fixed
 
+- Query statistics skipped every query signed with a TSIG key (named
+  writes "/key NAME" after the client's port), such as queries with a
+  view's key: they are counted now.
 - A changeset with a staged record delete could not be applied after that
   record was deleted elsewhere (e.g. with the CLI), and it was hard to see
   which operation to remove: the error only said "record 832 does not
@@ -25,6 +34,24 @@ All notable changes to Jarl are documented here. The format follows
 
 ### Added
 
+- Internet exposure ([docs/exposure.md](docs/exposure.md)): Jarl works out
+  which views are reachable from the internet (match-clients ending in a
+  catch-all; for a server without views, open allow-query and a
+  non-private listen address), with a per-view override, and checks them:
+  response rate limiting, open resolvers, ANY answers (minimal-any), cache
+  snooping, open NOTIFY and zone transfers, BIND version and host name,
+  management interfaces. Fixes are staged like any change, including
+  response rate limiting from ISC's example in log-only mode, with your
+  secondaries exempt, and a later "start enforcing". With statistics on,
+  Jarl reads named's rate limiting log lines and shows what was (or would
+  have been) limited: counts, client networks and names (Exposure page,
+  `jarl stats breakdown rrl`, top lists `ratelimited`, Prometheus
+  `jarl_ratelimit_logged_total`). A change that newly opens a public view
+  up must be confirmed (checkbox on the Changes page, `--accept-risk`, API
+  `accept_risk`; 409 `confirm_risk` otherwise). Findings can be
+  acknowledged with a reason: they stay visible as info, with who, when
+  and why. Exposure page and dashboard card in the web UI, `jarl
+  exposure` (fix, ack, unack), `GET /exposure`.
 - `jarl changeset show`, `diff`, `apply`, `discard` and `remove` take the
   changeset from `-C` or `JARL_CHANGESET` when no ID is given
   (`jarl changeset apply`). A changeset from `JARL_CHANGESET` is now

README.md

@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ error: www.adbraun.lol has a CNAME, so it can't have any other records (found A)
   queries, record types, cache hit rate. Shown in the web UI and the CLI,
   and exportable as JSON. Stored as aggregates in a separate database with
   retention you set.
+* **Internet exposure checks**: Jarl works out which views are reachable
+  from the internet (a GUA-addressed internal network still counts as
+  yours) and checks them: response rate limiting (set up in log-only mode
+  first, with what it would limit shown before you enforce it), open
+  resolvers, ANY amplification, cache snooping, version and host name
+  leaks, open management interfaces. Fixes are staged for review, changes
+  that open a public view up must be confirmed, and deliberate exceptions
+  can be acknowledged with a reason.
 * **Prometheus metrics** (optional): health to alert on (named down,
   configuration problems, drift, failing blocklists, stale backups, DNSSEC
   steps waiting at the parent, expiring tokens) and query counters per
@@ -125,6 +133,7 @@ in `/etc/jarl/jarl.yaml` to reach it from your management network.
 | [docs/dnssec.md](docs/dnssec.md) | DNSSEC signing, going public with your own name servers, Porkbun |
 | [docs/acme.md](docs/acme.md) | Let's Encrypt DNS-01 with certbot, acme.sh, lego and Traefik |
 | [docs/stats.md](docs/stats.md) | Query statistics: enabling, what is collected, retention |
+| [docs/exposure.md](docs/exposure.md) | Internet exposure: which views are public, hardening checks, response rate limiting |
 | [docs/metrics.md](docs/metrics.md) | Prometheus metrics: access, what is exported, example alerts |
 | [docs/blocking.md](docs/blocking.md) | Blocking ads, trackers and malware: blocklists, your own rules, views, memory |
 | [docs/validation.md](docs/validation.md) | Every check Jarl makes |

cmd/jarl/changes.go

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func submitBatch(c *client.Client, description string, reqs []api.ChangeRequest)
 		}
 		return report(&resp)
 	}
-	if err := c.Do(ctx(), "POST", "/apply", nil, api.BatchRequest{Description: description, Ops: reqs, DryRun: c.DryRun, Force: c.Force}, &resp); err != nil {
+	if err := c.Do(ctx(), "POST", "/apply", nil, api.BatchRequest{Description: description, Ops: reqs, DryRun: c.DryRun, Force: c.Force, AcceptRisk: c.AcceptRisk}, &resp); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return report(&resp)
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ func changesetCmd() *cobra.Command {
 				return err
 			}
 			var resp api.MutationResponse
-			if err := c.Do(ctx(), "POST", "/changesets/"+id+"/apply", nil, map[string]any{"force": c.Force, "dry_run": c.DryRun}, &resp); err != nil {
+			if err := c.Do(ctx(), "POST", "/changesets/"+id+"/apply", nil, map[string]any{"force": c.Force, "dry_run": c.DryRun, "accept_risk": c.AcceptRisk}, &resp); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			if err := report(&resp); err != nil {

cmd/jarl/config_cmds.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func viewCmd() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 	var clients, dests []string
-	var recursiveOnly, comment string
+	var recursiveOnly, comment, exposure string
 	var adopt, cascade, yes bool
 	viewBody := func(cmd *cobra.Command) map[string]any {
 		body := map[string]any{}
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ func viewCmd() *cobra.Command {
 		if f.Changed("comment") {
 			body["comment"] = comment
 		}
+		if f.Changed("exposure") {
+			body["exposure"] = exposure
+		}
 		return body
 	}
 	addViewFlags := func(c *cobra.Command) {
@@ -67,6 +70,7 @@ func viewCmd() *cobra.Command {
 		c.Flags().StringSliceVar(&dests, "match-destinations", nil, "match-destinations elements")
 		c.Flags().StringVar(&recursiveOnly, "recursive-only", "", "match-recursive-only: yes, no or default")
 		c.Flags().StringVar(&comment, "comment", "", "comment")
+		c.Flags().StringVar(&exposure, "exposure", "", "reachable from the internet: auto (worked out), public or private (docs/exposure.md)")
 	}
 	create := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "create NAME",
@@ -756,7 +760,7 @@ func settingsCmd() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 	var ns []string
-	var contact, policy string
+	var contact, policy, srvExposure string
 	var ttl, refresh, retry, expire, neg uint32
 	set := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "set",
@@ -777,6 +781,9 @@ func settingsCmd() *cobra.Command {
 			if f.Changed("serial-policy") {
 				body["serial_policy"] = policy
 			}
+			if f.Changed("exposure") {
+				body["exposure"] = srvExposure
+			}
 			for name, v := range map[string]uint32{"ttl": ttl, "refresh": refresh, "retry": retry, "expire": expire, "negative-ttl": neg} {
 				if f.Changed(name) {
 					key := map[string]string{"ttl": "default_ttl", "negative-ttl": "negative_ttl"}[name]
@@ -799,6 +806,7 @@ func settingsCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	set.Flags().StringSliceVar(&ns, "ns", nil, "default name servers")
 	set.Flags().StringVar(&contact, "contact", "", "default SOA contact")
 	set.Flags().StringVar(&policy, "serial-policy", "", "date, increment or unixtime")
+	set.Flags().StringVar(&srvExposure, "exposure", "", "without views: is the server reachable from the internet? auto, public or private (docs/exposure.md)")
 	set.Flags().Uint32Var(&ttl, "ttl", 0, "default TTL")
 	set.Flags().Uint32Var(&refresh, "refresh", 0, "SOA refresh")
 	set.Flags().Uint32Var(&retry, "retry", 0, "SOA retry")

cmd/jarl/exposure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type exposureFinding struct {
+	Severity string `json:"severity"`
+	Code     string `json:"code"`
+	Message  string `json:"message"`
+	View     string `json:"view"`
+	Fix      string `json:"fix"`
+}
+
+type exposureReport struct {
+	Scopes []struct {
+		ViewID    int64             `json:"view_id"`
+		View      string            `json:"view"`
+		Public    bool              `json:"public"`
+		Override  string            `json:"override"`
+		Reason    string            `json:"reason"`
+		RateLimit string            `json:"rate_limit"`
+		Findings  []exposureFinding `json:"findings"`
+	} `json:"scopes"`
+	Server       []exposureFinding `json:"server"`
+	RateLimiting *struct {
+		Since  string `json:"since"`
+		Counts []struct {
+			Key   string
+			Count int64
+		} `json:"counts"`
+		Networks []struct {
+			Key   string
+			Count int64
+		} `json:"networks"`
+		Names []struct {
+			Key   string
+			Count int64
+		} `json:"names"`
+	} `json:"rate_limiting"`
+}
+
+// exposureScope turns "server" (or "") into the server, anything else
+// into a view name.
+func exposureScope(s string) map[string]any {
+	if s == "" || strings.EqualFold(s, "server") {
+		return map[string]any{}
+	}
+	return map[string]any{"view": s}
+}
+
+func exposureCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "exposure",
+		Short: "What is reachable from the internet, and what to harden (docs/exposure.md)",
+		Long: `Shows which views (or the server, without views) are reachable from the
+internet and why, their rate limiting, and the exposure findings with the
+fix Jarl can stage for each.`,
+		Example: `  jarl exposure
+  jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit          # rate limiting, log-only first
+  jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit_log_only # then start enforcing
+  jarl exposure fix server exposure_version
+  jarl exposure ack external security_open_resolver --reason "public resolver for the club"
+  jarl view update external --exposure public             # override the classification`,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			c, err := newClient()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			var r exposureReport
+			if err := c.Get(ctx(), "/exposure", nil, &r); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return output(r, func(w io.Writer) {
+				fmt.Fprintln(w, "VIEW\tEXPOSURE\tRATE LIMIT\tWHY")
+				for _, s := range r.Scopes {
+					name, exp := s.View, "private"
+					if name == "" {
+						name = "(server)"
+					}
+					if s.Public {
+						exp = "public"
+					}
+					if s.Override != "" {
+						exp += " (set)"
+					}
+					rl := s.RateLimit
+					if !s.Public && rl == "off" {
+						rl = "-"
+					}
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", name, exp, rl, s.Reason)
+				}
+				var all []exposureFinding
+				for _, s := range r.Scopes {
+					all = append(all, s.Findings...)
+				}
+				all = append(all, r.Server...)
+				fmt.Fprintln(w)
+				if len(all) == 0 {
+					fmt.Fprintln(w, "No findings.")
+				} else {
+					fmt.Fprintln(w, "SEVERITY\tWHERE\tCODE\tFINDING")
+					for _, f := range all {
+						where := f.View
+						if where == "" {
+							where = "server"
+						}
+						fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", f.Severity, where, f.Code, f.Message)
+						if f.Fix != "" {
+							fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t\t\tfix: jarl exposure fix %s %s (%s)\n", where, f.Code, f.Fix)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if a := r.RateLimiting; a != nil && len(a.Counts) > 0 {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nRATE LIMITING, LAST %s\n", a.Since)
+					for _, e := range a.Counts {
+						fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%d\n", e.Key, e.Count)
+					}
+					for _, e := range a.Networks {
+						fmt.Fprintf(w, "network %s\t%d\n", e.Key, e.Count)
+					}
+					for _, e := range a.Names {
+						fmt.Fprintf(w, "name %s\t%d\n", e.Key, e.Count)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+		},
+	}
+	fix := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "fix VIEW|server CODE",
+		Short: "Stage (or apply) the fix Jarl suggests for a finding",
+		Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(2),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			c, err := newClient()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			body := exposureScope(args[0])
+			body["code"] = args[1]
+			resp, err := c.Mutate(ctx(), "POST", "/exposure/fix", nil, body)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return report(resp)
+		},
+	}
+	var reason string
+	ack := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "ack VIEW|server CODE --reason TEXT",
+		Short: "Accept a finding on purpose: it stays, as info, with who and why",
+		Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(2),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			c, err := newClient()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			body := exposureScope(args[0])
+			body["code"], body["reason"] = args[1], reason
+			resp, err := c.Mutate(ctx(), "POST", "/exposure/ack", nil, body)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return report(resp)
+		},
+	}
+	ack.Flags().StringVar(&reason, "reason", "", "why the finding is accepted (required)")
+	unack := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "unack VIEW|server CODE",
+		Short: "Take an acknowledgement back: the finding warns again",
+		Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(2),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			c, err := newClient()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			body := exposureScope(args[0])
+			body["code"] = args[1]
+			resp, err := c.Mutate(ctx(), "POST", "/exposure/unack", nil, body)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return report(resp)
+		},
+	}
+	cmd.AddCommand(fix, ack, unack)
+	return cmd
+}

cmd/jarl/main.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ var (
 	flagChangeset int64
 	flagDryRun    bool
 	flagForce     bool
+	flagRisk      bool
 	flagOutput    string
 	flagInsecure  bool
 	flagCACert    string
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ func newClient() (*client.Client, error) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	c.DryRun, c.Force = flagDryRun || c.Preflight, flagForce
+	c.DryRun, c.Force, c.AcceptRisk = flagDryRun || c.Preflight, flagForce, flagRisk
 	if !c.Preflight {
 		c.OnTokenExpiry = tokenExpiryWarning(t.Name)
 	}
@@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ Exit codes: 0 ok, 1 error, 3 not authenticated or not allowed, 4 not found,
 	pf.Int64VarP(&flagChangeset, "changeset", "C", 0, "stage changes into this changeset instead of applying them (env JARL_CHANGESET)")
 	pf.BoolVarP(&flagDryRun, "dry-run", "n", false, "validate and show the changes without applying them")
 	pf.BoolVar(&flagForce, "force", false, "overwrite BIND files that were changed outside Jarl")
+	pf.BoolVar(&flagRisk, "accept-risk", false, "confirm a change that opens a public view up, such as an open resolver (docs/exposure.md)")
 	pf.StringVarP(&flagOutput, "output", "o", "table", "output format: table, json, yaml, id (just the IDs) or field=NAME[,NAME...] (just those fields, e.g. field=view or field=soa.serial)")
 	pf.BoolVar(&flagInsecure, "insecure", false, "don't verify the server's TLS certificate")
 	pf.StringVar(&flagCACert, "ca-cert", "", "PEM file with a CA to trust for the server's certificate")
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@ Exit codes: 0 ok, 1 error, 3 not authenticated or not allowed, 4 not found,
 	}
 	add("dns", zoneCmd(), recordCmd(), viewCmd(), aclCmd(), tsigCmd(), optionCmd(), settingsCmd(), blockCmd(), blocklistCmd(), acmeCmd(), searchCmd(), statsCmd())
 	add("changes", applyCmd(), changesetCmd(), historyCmd())
-	add("admin", statusCmd(), whoamiCmd(), userCmd(), tokenCmd(), auditCmd(), checkCmd(), resyncCmd(), configCmd())
+	add("admin", statusCmd(), exposureCmd(), whoamiCmd(), userCmd(), tokenCmd(), auditCmd(), checkCmd(), resyncCmd(), configCmd())
 	setupCompletion(root)
 	return root
 }

cmd/jarl/multiview.go

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func perView(c *client.Client, views []string, description string, do func(c *cl
 		return nil
 	}
 	var resp api.MutationResponse
-	err := c.Do(ctx(), "POST", fmt.Sprintf("/changesets/%d/apply", cs.ID), nil, map[string]any{"force": c.Force, "dry_run": c.DryRun}, &resp)
+	err := c.Do(ctx(), "POST", fmt.Sprintf("/changesets/%d/apply", cs.ID), nil, map[string]any{"force": c.Force, "dry_run": c.DryRun, "accept_risk": c.AcceptRisk}, &resp)
 	if err != nil || c.DryRun {
 		discard()
 	}

cmd/jarl/stats.go

@@ -128,14 +128,15 @@ export the data.`,
 
 	var limit int
 	top := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "top [names|clients|nxdomain|servfail|refused|blocked|blocked-clients]",
+		Use:   "top [names|clients|nxdomain|servfail|refused|blocked|blocked-clients|ratelimited|ratelimited-names]",
 		Short: "The most queried names, busiest clients, names with errors, refused clients, blocked names",
 		Example: `  jarl stats top names --since 7d
   jarl stats top clients --limit 50
   jarl stats top nxdomain      # misconfigured hosts and typos
   jarl stats top refused       # who is asking for what they may not have
   jarl stats top blocked       # what blocking stops most (docs/blocking.md)
-  jarl stats top blocked-clients   # the devices blocking stops most`,
+  jarl stats top blocked-clients   # the devices blocking stops most
+  jarl stats top ratelimited       # client networks rate limiting limits, or would (docs/exposure.md)`,
 		Args: cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			kind := stats.KindName
@@ -147,6 +148,9 @@ export the data.`,
 				if kind == "blocked-client" {
 					kind = stats.KindBlockedClient
 				}
+				if kind == "ratelimited-name" {
+					kind = stats.KindRateLimitedName
+				}
 			}
 			c, err := newClient()
 			if err != nil {

cmd/jarld/main.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"jarl/internal/config"
 	"jarl/internal/engine"
 	"jarl/internal/model"
+	"jarl/internal/nscheck"
 	"jarl/internal/porkbun"
 	"jarl/internal/render"
 	"jarl/internal/server"
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ func openApp(allowMissingConfig bool) (*app, error) {
 		ReloadTimeout: time.Duration(cfg.BIND.ReloadTimeout),
 		NoReload:      cfg.BIND.NoReload,
 		Extras:        renderExtras(cfg),
+		LocalAddrs:    nscheck.LocalAddrs,
 	}, log)
 	eng.Limits = engine.BlocklistLimits{
 		Refresh: time.Duration(cfg.Blocking.Refresh), RetryAfter: time.Hour, Timeout: 2 * time.Minute,

docs/api.md

@@ -471,6 +471,7 @@ written in Jarl's fixed order (docs/concepts.md).
 | GET | `/catalog/options` | scopes and zone types; with `?scope=options\|view\|toplevel\|zone:primary\|...` every statement allowed there (name, grammar, kind, status, ARM description). `?all=1` includes statements Jarl manages itself |
 | GET | `/catalog/rrtypes` | record types with field hints and examples |
 | GET | `/catalog/grants` | resources, roles and the grant syntax |
+| GET | `/exposure` | which views are reachable from the internet, the exposure findings and their fixes ([exposure.md](exposure.md#api)); `POST /exposure/fix`, `/exposure/ack`, `/exposure/unack` |
 | GET | `/catalog/ranges?r=A-B,C-D` | for each address range: `range` (canonical), `size` ("99 addresses"), and the `prefixes` it is written to named.conf as; or `error`. Text that isn't a range is left out |
 | GET | `/search?q=text` | zones, records and ACLs matching the text |
 

docs/cli.md

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ to stderr with `-o json` or `-o yaml`, so stdout holds just the documents.
 | `-n, --dry-run` | Validate and show the diff without changing anything. |
 | `-C, --changeset ID` | Stage the change into an open changeset instead of applying it. |
 | `--force` | Overwrite BIND files that were changed outside Jarl (drift). |
+| `--accept-risk` | Confirm a change that opens a public view up, such as an open resolver ([exposure.md](exposure.md)). Without it such a change stops with exit 5. |
 | `-q, --quiet` | Print only errors, or just the IDs: of what a command creates, or what `show` and `list` find (like `-o id`). |
 
 ## Exit codes
@@ -382,6 +383,20 @@ an administrator).
 
 Changesets staged in the web UI show up here too, and the other way round.
 
+## Internet exposure
+
+```sh
+jarl exposure                                         # public views, findings, fixes, rate limiting
+jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit        # rate limiting, log-only first
+jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit_log_only   # then start enforcing
+jarl exposure fix server exposure_version
+jarl exposure ack external security_open_resolver --reason "public resolver, monitored"
+jarl exposure unack external security_open_resolver
+jarl view update external --exposure public|private|auto
+```
+
+See [exposure.md](exposure.md).
+
 ## Views, ACLs, TSIG keys, options, settings
 
 ```sh

docs/exposure.md

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Internet exposure
+
+When a view (or the whole server) can be reached from the internet, a few
+things matter that don't on your own network: it shouldn't help attackers
+flood others with DNS answers (amplification), recurse for strangers, or
+tell scanners its exact version. Jarl works out which views are public,
+checks them, and stages the fixes for you to review.
+
+In the web UI: **Exposure** (and its card on the dashboard). In the CLI:
+`jarl exposure`. In the API: `GET /api/v1/exposure`.
+
+## Which views are public
+
+A view is **public** when its `match-clients` let in anyone: after ACLs
+and ranges are filled in, they end in a catch-all (`any`, `0.0.0.0/0`,
+`::/0`, or a prefix wider than /8 for IPv4 or /16 for IPv6), or they are
+empty, which named reads as "any". A typical external view
+(`match-clients { any; }` or `{ !internal; any; }`) is public.
+
+A view that lists the networks it serves is **private**, whatever kind of
+addresses those are. An internal view for your global IPv6 prefix
+(`2a02:8013:7f3d:10::/64`) is as private as one for `192.168.1.0/24`:
+listing a network says "these are mine". Jarl doesn't look at whether
+addresses are private (RFC 1918, ULA) for this, because on IPv6 your own
+devices have global addresses.
+
+A view whose `match-destinations` list only private addresses (it answers
+only on a private interface) is private too.
+
+**A server without views** has no match list, so Jarl looks at
+`allow-query` and where named listens: it is public when anyone may query
+it (`allow-query` unset, or with a catch-all) **and** named listens on an
+address that isn't private (a public IPv4 address or a global IPv6
+address of this host). This can't see your firewall, so it is a guess.
+
+**When Jarl gets it wrong**, override it per view: `public`, `private` or
+`auto`. For example, behind a NAT port forward named only ever sees
+private addresses although it is reachable from the internet.
+
+```sh
+jarl view update external --exposure public
+jarl settings set --exposure private          # a server without views
+```
+
+The Exposure page shows each view's classification and the reason
+("match-clients ends in any", "match-clients lists only homelab, no
+catch-all"), with a selector for the override.
+
+## The checks
+
+They run on public views only, and are warnings (they don't stop you
+applying) unless acknowledged.
+
+| Code | What | Fix Jarl can stage |
+|------|------|-------------------|
+| `exposure_rate_limit` | No response rate limiting: the view can be used to flood others with its answers (DNS amplification) | `rate-limit { responses-per-second 10; log-only yes; exempt-clients { your secondaries }; }` |
+| `exposure_rate_limit_log_only` (info) | Rate limiting only logs | The same block without `log-only`: start enforcing |
+| `security_open_resolver` | Recursion for anyone: an open resolver | `recursion no` in that view |
+| `exposure_minimal_any` | ANY queries get full answers, a favourite for amplification | `minimal-any yes` |
+| `exposure_cache_snooping` | `allow-query-cache` lets anyone see what your clients look up | `allow-query-cache { none; }` |
+| `security_open_transfer` | Zone transfers for anyone | none: allow your secondaries or a TSIG key |
+| `exposure_open_notify` | `allow-notify` accepts NOTIFY from anyone | none: allow your primaries |
+| `exposure_version` | `dig CH TXT version.bind` shows the exact BIND version | `version none` |
+| `exposure_hostname` | `dig CH TXT hostname.bind` shows the host name | `hostname none` |
+| `exposure_management` | `controls` or `statistics-channels` on an address that isn't loopback, open to anyone | none: use 127.0.0.1 or an allow list |
+
+The last three are server-wide: they are checked when any view is public.
+
+A **fix** goes into your pending changes like any edit (or is applied at
+once in live mode), so you see the named.conf diff before it reaches named:
+
+```sh
+jarl exposure                                         # classification, findings, fixes
+jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit
+jarl exposure fix server exposure_version
+```
+
+## Response rate limiting
+
+Response rate limiting (RRL, BIND's `rate-limit`) counts identical
+responses sent to the same client network. Past the limit, named drops
+some and "slips" others: it sends a short reply asking the client to retry
+over TCP (or with a DNS cookie). A real client does; the spoofed victim of
+an amplification attack never sees the answers it didn't ask for. ISC
+recommends it for authoritative servers only, so Jarl only suggests it for
+public views, never for your internal resolver.
+
+Jarl starts from ISC's example, 10 identical responses per second per
+client network, and exempts the servers your zones notify and allow
+transfers to (`also-notify` and `allow-transfer` addresses, through ACLs
+too): limiting your own secondaries is the classic RRL mistake.
+
+**Rollout in two steps:**
+
+1. The fix turns rate limiting on with `log-only yes`. named answers
+   everyone as before, but logs every response it *would* have limited.
+   With [query statistics](stats.md) on, Jarl reads those lines: the
+   Exposure page shows how many responses would have been limited, and
+   which client networks and names. Check that your secondaries,
+   monitoring, or a big shared resolver aren't among them (add them to
+   `exempt-clients` if they are).
+2. When you're happy, **Start enforcing** (the fix of
+   `exposure_rate_limit_log_only`) removes `log-only`.
+
+In log-only mode named's own counters don't move: what would be limited
+is only in its log (category `query-errors`). That is why the activity
+needs query statistics; without them, look at named's log for
+`would rate limit`. When rate limiting is configured and statistics are
+on, Jarl adds `query-errors` to its log channel (keeping named's syslog
+destination for it).
+
+The statistics also count it: the `rrl` breakdown (`drop`, `slip`,
+`would-drop`, `would-slip`), the `ratelimited` and `ratelimited_name` top
+lists, and in Prometheus `jarl_ratelimit_logged_total{action}` next to
+named's own `jarl_ratelimit_responses_total` ([metrics.md](metrics.md)).
+
+You can tune the block like any option (`jarl option set rate-limit '{
+responses-per-second 20; window 15; exempt-clients { 192.0.2.53; }; }'
+--view external`); the BIND ARM describes every setting.
+
+## Confirming a change that opens a view up
+
+A change that *introduces* an open resolver, open zone transfers, cache
+snooping, open NOTIFY or an open management interface on a public view
+must be confirmed:
+
+- **Web UI:** the Changes page shows the finding with a checkbox (*I
+  understand: …*); **Apply** stays disabled until it is ticked.
+- **CLI:** the command stops (exit 5) and says why; run it again with
+  `--accept-risk`.
+- **API:** `accept_risk: true` in the apply body, or `?accept_risk=1` on a
+  change applied at once; without it the answer is 409 `confirm_risk`.
+  Previews (`GET /changesets/{id}/preview`) list them as `risks`.
+
+Only changes that newly open something up ask: an unrelated change to a
+view that is already open, or taking back an acknowledgement, doesn't.
+
+## Acknowledging a finding
+
+Some findings are deliberate: a public resolver for a club's network, a
+visible version string. Acknowledge them with a reason:
+
+```sh
+jarl exposure ack external security_open_resolver --reason "public resolver for the club, monitored"
+jarl exposure ack server exposure_version --reason "version shown on purpose"
+jarl exposure unack external security_open_resolver
+```
+
+The finding doesn't disappear: it stays visible as **info**, with who
+accepted it, when and why (*open resolver … (acknowledged by adam on 12
+Oct 2026: public resolver for the club, monitored)*), on the Exposure page,
+the dashboard and in `jarl check`. An acknowledgement covers that one
+finding on that one view (or the server); the same finding elsewhere
+warns as usual. Acknowledging is a configuration change like any other,
+so it is in the history and audit log, and can be reverted.
+
+Jarl isn't designed to run an open resolver, and an acknowledgement makes
+one deliberate and visible, not safe: a public resolver also needs abuse
+monitoring, response size limits and usually a machine of its own.
+
+## API
+
+| Method | Path | Body |
+|--------|------|------|
+| GET | `/exposure` | `scopes` (per view, or the server: `public`, `override`, `reason`, `rate_limit` off/log-only/enforcing, `findings` with `fix` where Jarl has one), `server` (server-wide findings), `rate_limiting` (last 24h, with statistics: `counts`, `networks`, `names`) |
+| POST | `/exposure/fix` | `{"view": "external", "code": "exposure_rate_limit"}` (`view_id` works too; no view: the server). Staged with `?changeset=` like any change |
+| POST | `/exposure/ack` | `{"view": "external", "code": "security_open_resolver", "reason": "..."}` |
+| POST | `/exposure/unack` | `{"view": "external", "code": "security_open_resolver"}` |
+
+The override is a view's `exposure` field (`PATCH /views/{id}`), or the
+settings' for a server without views (`PATCH /settings`).

docs/metrics.md

@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ for them.
 | `jarl_queries_by_transport_total{transport}` | `udp` and `tcp`. |
 | `jarl_answers_total{source}` | `authoritative` or `recursive`. |
 | `jarl_recursion_queries_total`, `jarl_dropped_queries_total`, `jarl_duplicate_queries_total` | Queries that caused recursion, that named dropped, and duplicates. |
-| `jarl_ratelimit_responses_total{action}` | Responses rate limiting `dropped` or `slipped`. |
+| `jarl_ratelimit_responses_total{action}` | Responses rate limiting `dropped` or `slipped` (named's counters; they don't move in log-only mode). |
+| `jarl_ratelimit_logged_total{action}` | Rate limited responses from named's log: `drop`, `slip`, and in log-only mode `would-drop`, `would-slip` ([exposure.md](exposure.md#response-rate-limiting)). |
 | `jarl_upstream_responses_by_rtt_total{rtt}` | Upstream answers during recursion by round-trip time (`<10ms` … `>1600ms`). |
 | `jarl_dnssec_validations_total{result}` | `valid`, `valid-negative` and `failed`. |
 | `jarl_cache_lookups_total{result}` | `hits` and `misses`. |

docs/stats.md

@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ lists, views, zones). named's own counters can't be filtered.
 | `zone:NAME` | response log | answers per local zone; `zone:-` for names in none of your zones |
 | `responses` | response log | lines read (a health check) |
 | `blocked`, `blocklist:NAME` | response log | queries [blocking](blocking.md) answered, and by which list (`blocklist:rules` for your own rules) |
+| `rrl:drop`, `rrl:slip`, `rrl:would-drop`, `rrl:would-slip` | response log | responses [rate limiting](exposure.md#response-rate-limiting) limited, or would have in log-only mode (named's own `ratelimit:*` counters don't move then) |
 
 **Server** (sampled every minute; stored as gauges, `g:KEY` the sum of
 the samples and `gn:KEY` their number, so a chart shows the average):
@@ -167,7 +168,8 @@ jarl stats top refused                     # who asks for what they may not have
 jarl stats timeline --since 6h             # sparkline; --table for every bucket
 jarl stats timeline --since 7d --key rcode:NXDOMAIN --key rcode:SERVFAIL
 jarl stats heatmap --since 28d
-jarl stats breakdown qtype | rcode | view | zone | answer | rtt | dnssec | cache | transport | ratelimit
+jarl stats breakdown qtype | rcode | view | zone | answer | rtt | dnssec | cache | transport | ratelimit | rrl
+jarl stats top ratelimited                 # client networks rate limiting limits (or would)
 jarl stats server                          # memory, CPU, cache, clients, host, disks now
 jarl stats timeline --since 7d --key g:named:rss --table   # named's memory over a week
 jarl stats summary --since 30d -o json     # export (also -o yaml)

docs/validation.md

@@ -124,11 +124,26 @@ From [blocking.md](blocking.md).
 
 ## Security lints
 
+These and the exposure checks below only look at views that are
+reachable from the internet ([exposure.md](exposure.md)); without views,
+the open resolver and open transfer checks look at the server. Any of them
+can be acknowledged (it then shows as info, with who accepted it and why),
+and a change that newly introduces an open resolver, open transfers, cache
+snooping, open NOTIFY or an open management interface on a public view
+must be confirmed (`--accept-risk`).
+
 | Code | Severity | What it catches |
 |------|----------|-----------------|
 | `security_open_resolver` | warning | A view (or the server) where recursion is on and reachable by any client. This includes the BIND trap where `allow-recursion` is unset and inherits `allow-query { any; }`. Open resolvers are abused for DDoS amplification. Set `allow-recursion` to your own networks |
 | `security_open_transfer` | warning | `allow-transfer` open to anyone. Restrict it to your secondaries or a TSIG key |
 | `dynamic_update_unsupported` | error | `allow-update` / `update-policy` on a Jarl zone. named would write to files that Jarl regenerates, losing the updates. Use the API (e.g. `jarl acme`) instead |
+| `exposure_rate_limit` | warning | A public view without response rate limiting (`rate-limit`) |
+| `exposure_rate_limit_log_only` | info | Rate limiting in log-only mode: check what it would limit, then enforce |
+| `exposure_minimal_any` | warning | A public view answering ANY queries in full (`minimal-any` off) |
+| `exposure_cache_snooping` | warning | A public view without recursion whose cache anyone may query (`allow-query-cache`) |
+| `exposure_open_notify` | warning | A public view accepting NOTIFY from anyone (`allow-notify`) |
+| `exposure_version`, `exposure_hostname` | warning | The server is public and shows its BIND version or host name to anyone (`version none`, `hostname none`) |
+| `exposure_management` | warning | `controls` or `statistics-channels` on an address that isn't loopback, open to anyone, while the server is public |
 
 ## What only BIND checks
 

docs/views.md

@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ avoids named-checkconf's warning that `allow-recursion` is still active in a
 view with recursion off. Jarl warns (`security_open_resolver`) if a view
 ever offers recursion to everyone.
 
+Jarl counts the external view as reachable from the internet (its
+match-clients end in `any`) and checks it: rate limiting, ANY queries,
+the version string and more. See the **Exposure** page or `jarl exposure`,
+and [exposure.md](exposure.md) to set up response rate limiting.
+
 ### 4. Give the external view its zones
 
 **Different data per view (split DNS).** Copy the zone, then change what

internal/api/types.go

@@ -208,6 +208,9 @@ type BatchRequest struct {
 	Ops         []ChangeRequest `json:"ops"`
 	DryRun      bool            `json:"dry_run,omitempty"`
 	Force       bool            `json:"force,omitempty"`
+	// AcceptRisk confirms a change that opens the server up
+	// (docs/exposure.md).
+	AcceptRisk bool `json:"accept_risk,omitempty"`
 	// Apply (for POST /changesets) applies the new changeset at once.
 	Apply bool `json:"apply,omitempty"`
 }

internal/client/client.go

@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ type Client struct {
 	csErr          error
 	DryRun         bool
 	Force          bool
+	// AcceptRisk confirms changes that open the server up
+	// (docs/exposure.md).
+	AcceptRisk bool
 	// Preflight lets only requests through that can't change anything:
 	// reads and dry runs. Running a command on several servers uses it to
 	// check the command everywhere before running it anywhere.
@@ -282,6 +285,9 @@ func (c *Client) Mutate(ctx context.Context, method, path string, query url.Valu
 	if c.Force {
 		q.Set("force", "1")
 	}
+	if c.AcceptRisk {
+		q.Set("accept_risk", "1")
+	}
 	var out api.MutationResponse
 	err = c.Do(ctx, method, path, q, body, &out)
 	return &out, err

internal/engine/diffops.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package engine
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 
 	"jarl/internal/dnsname"
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@ func DiffOps(from, to *model.State) []model.Op {
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(stripVersion(from.Settings), stripVersion(to.Settings)) {
 		s := to.Settings
 		add(OpSettingsUpdate, 0, 0, SettingsInput{DefaultTTL: &s.DefaultTTL, Nameservers: model.Ptr(append([]string{}, s.Nameservers...)), RName: &s.RName,
-			Refresh: &s.Refresh, Retry: &s.Retry, Expire: &s.Expire, NegativeTTL: &s.NegativeTTL, SerialPolicy: &s.SerialPolicy}, "restore settings")
+			Refresh: &s.Refresh, Retry: &s.Retry, Expire: &s.Expire, NegativeTTL: &s.NegativeTTL, SerialPolicy: &s.SerialPolicy,
+			Exposure: &s.Exposure, Acknowledged: model.Ptr(slices.Clone(s.Acknowledged))}, "restore settings")
 	}
 
 	for _, k := range sortedKeys(to.Keys) {
@@ -47,7 +49,8 @@ func DiffOps(from, to *model.State) []model.Op {
 	for _, k := range sortedKeys(to.Views) {
 		n := to.Views[k]
 		in := ViewInput{Name: &n.Name, MatchClients: model.Ptr(append([]string{}, n.MatchClients...)),
-			MatchDestinations: model.Ptr(append([]string{}, n.MatchDestinations...)), Comment: &n.Comment, Position: model.Ptr(n.Position)}
+			MatchDestinations: model.Ptr(append([]string{}, n.MatchDestinations...)), Comment: &n.Comment, Position: model.Ptr(n.Position),
+			Exposure: model.Ptr(n.Exposure), Acknowledged: model.Ptr(slices.Clone(n.Acknowledged))}
 		if n.MatchRecursiveOnly != nil {
 			in.MatchRecursiveOnly = model.Some(*n.MatchRecursiveOnly)
 		} else {

internal/engine/engine.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
@@ -56,6 +57,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	NoReload bool
 	// SkipCheck disables named-checkconf (only for tests without BIND).
 	SkipCheck bool
+	// LocalAddrs returns this host's addresses, for working out whether a
+	// server without views is reachable from the internet
+	// (docs/exposure.md). nil: none known.
+	LocalAddrs func() []netip.Addr
 }
 
 // Engine applies changesets.
@@ -110,17 +115,20 @@ type Result struct {
 	DryRun      bool               `json:"dry_run,omitempty"`
 	Valid       bool               `json:"valid"`
 	Problems    []validate.Problem `json:"problems"` // problems this change introduces
-	Existing    []validate.Problem `json:"existing_problems,omitempty"`
+	// Risks are the introduced problems that open the server up; applying
-	Check       []CheckMessage     `json:"check,omitempty"`
+	// needs AcceptRisk (docs/exposure.md).
-	CheckOK     bool               `json:"check_ok"`
+	Risks    []validate.Problem `json:"risks,omitempty"`
-	Diff        string             `json:"diff"`
+	Existing []validate.Problem `json:"existing_problems,omitempty"`
-	Files       []string           `json:"files_changed"`
+	Check    []CheckMessage     `json:"check,omitempty"`
-	Serials     []SerialChange     `json:"serials,omitempty"`
+	CheckOK  bool               `json:"check_ok"`
-	Reloaded    []string           `json:"reloaded,omitempty"`
+	Diff     string             `json:"diff"`
-	Warnings    []string           `json:"warnings,omitempty"`
+	Files    []string           `json:"files_changed"`
-	Drift       []DriftEntry       `json:"drift,omitempty"`
+	Serials  []SerialChange     `json:"serials,omitempty"`
-	Ops         []model.Op         `json:"ops,omitempty"`
+	Reloaded []string           `json:"reloaded,omitempty"`
-	Error       *Error             `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Warnings []string           `json:"warnings,omitempty"`
+	Drift    []DriftEntry       `json:"drift,omitempty"`
+	Ops      []model.Op         `json:"ops,omitempty"`
+	Error    *Error             `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // stored is what is kept in a changeset's result column.
@@ -138,6 +146,9 @@ type ApplyOptions struct {
 	Force bool
 	// NoReload writes the files without reloading named.
 	NoReload bool
+	// AcceptRisk confirms a change that opens the server up, such as an
+	// open resolver on a public view (validate.RiskCodes).
+	AcceptRisk bool
 	// wipeZone lets WipeDNSSEC switch signing off for this zone at once.
 	wipeZone int64
 }
@@ -180,7 +191,46 @@ func ValidateOptions(st *model.State) validate.Options {
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) validate(st *model.State) []validate.Problem {
-	return validate.State(st, ValidateOptions(st))
+	return validate.State(st, e.validateOptions(st))
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) validateOptions(st *model.State) validate.Options {
+	opts := ValidateOptions(st)
+	if e.cfg.LocalAddrs != nil {
+		opts.LocalAddrs = e.cfg.LocalAddrs()
+	}
+	return opts
+}
+
+// Validate checks a state as applying it would.
+func (e *Engine) Validate(st *model.State) []validate.Problem { return e.validate(st) }
+
+// Exposures says which views (or the server, without views) are
+// reachable from the internet, and why (docs/exposure.md).
+func (e *Engine) Exposures(st *model.State) []validate.Exposure {
+	return validate.Exposures(st, e.validateOptions(st))
+}
+
+// risks returns the introduced problems that open a public view (or a
+// public server) up: risky warnings that weren't there before at all. One
+// that was there already, acknowledged (taking the acknowledgement back)
+// or not, opens nothing new.
+func risks(before, introduced []validate.Problem, public map[string]bool) []validate.Problem {
+	type key struct {
+		code, objType, view string
+		id                  int64
+	}
+	had := map[key]bool{}
+	for _, p := range before {
+		had[key{p.Code, p.ObjectType, p.View, p.ObjectID}] = true
+	}
+	var out []validate.Problem
+	for _, p := range introduced {
+		if p.Severity == validate.Warning && validate.RiskCodes[p.Code] && public[p.View] && !had[key{p.Code, p.ObjectType, p.View, p.ObjectID}] {
+			out = append(out, p)
+		}
+	}
+	return out
 }
 
 // ---- changeset management
@@ -389,6 +439,8 @@ type plan struct {
 	base, work    *model.State
 	introduced    []validate.Problem
 	existing      []validate.Problem
+	before        []validate.Problem // the problems before the change
+	public        map[string]bool    // public views by name ("": the server), after the change
 	serials       []SerialChange
 	out           *render.Output
 	changed       []*render.File
@@ -419,6 +471,13 @@ func (pl *plan) files() []string {
 func (e *Engine) makePlan(ctx context.Context, base, work *model.State, user string, opts ApplyOptions) (*plan, error) {
 	pl := &plan{base: base, work: work, verify: map[int64]uint32{}}
 	before := e.validate(base)
+	pl.before = before
+	pl.public = map[string]bool{}
+	for _, x := range e.Exposures(work) {
+		pl.public[x.View] = x.Public
+		// Server-wide findings (no view) count when anything is public.
+		pl.public[""] = pl.public[""] || x.Public
+	}
 	after := e.validate(work)
 	pl.introduced = append(validate.Introduced(before, after), e.dnssecChanges(base, work, opts)...)
 	introducedKeys := map[string]bool{}
@@ -652,6 +711,7 @@ func (pl *plan) result() *Result {
 		Files:    pl.files(),
 		Serials:  pl.serials,
 		Drift:    pl.drift,
+		Risks:    risks(pl.before, pl.introduced, pl.public),
 	}
 	r.Valid = r.Valid && r.CheckOK
 	if r.Files == nil {
@@ -781,6 +841,13 @@ func (e *Engine) applyOps(ctx context.Context, cs *model.Changeset, reqs []Reque
 	if opts.DryRun {
 		return res, nil
 	}
+	if rs := risks(pl.before, pl.introduced, pl.public); len(rs) > 0 && !opts.AcceptRisk {
+		msg := rs[0].Message
+		if len(rs) > 1 {
+			msg += fmt.Sprintf(" (and %d more)", len(rs)-1)
+		}
+		return res, &Error{Kind: KindRisk, Message: "this change opens the server up: " + msg + "; apply it again with accept_risk to confirm (jarl: --accept-risk), or acknowledge the finding for good", Problems: rs}
+	}
 	if len(pl.drift) > 0 && !opts.Force {
 		var paths []string
 		for _, d := range pl.drift {

internal/engine/errors.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const (
 	KindBIND       ErrorKind = "bind_failed"       // named-checkconf or rndc failed
 	KindDrift      ErrorKind = "drift"             // files were changed outside Jarl
 	KindNotAdopted ErrorKind = "not_adopted"       // named does not load Jarl's config yet
+	KindRisk       ErrorKind = "confirm_risk"      // the change opens the server up and needs confirming
 )
 
 // Error is an engine error with details for the caller.

internal/engine/expand.go

@@ -228,6 +228,8 @@ func (x *expander) expand(req Request) ([]model.Op, error) {
 		return []model.Op{x.versioned(req, o.Version, summary)}, nil
 	case OpSettingsUpdate:
 		return []model.Op{newOpRaw(OpSettingsUpdate, 0, 0, req.Data, "update settings")}, nil
+	case OpExposureAck, OpExposureUnack:
+		return x.exposureAck(req, req.Op == OpExposureAck)
 	case OpBlocklistCreate:
 		return x.blocklistCreate(req)
 	case OpBlocklistUpdate, OpBlocklistDelete:
@@ -1089,3 +1091,64 @@ func disabledZoneEffect(st *model.State, z *model.Zone) string {
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("once zone %s is disabled, %s answers REFUSED for its names", dnsname.Display(z.Name), where)
 }
+
+// exposureAck acknowledges an exposure finding of a view or the server,
+// or takes the acknowledgement back: the view's (or the settings')
+// acknowledgements are updated as a whole.
+func (x *expander) exposureAck(req Request, ack bool) ([]model.Op, error) {
+	var in AckInput
+	if err := decode(req.Data, &in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	in.Code = strings.TrimSpace(in.Code)
+	if !validate.Ackable(in.Code) {
+		return nil, errf(KindBadRequest, "%q is not an exposure finding that can be acknowledged (exposure_... or security_open_...)", in.Code)
+	}
+	if ack && strings.TrimSpace(in.Reason) == "" {
+		return nil, errf(KindBadRequest, "say why %s is accepted (a reason is required)", in.Code)
+	}
+	var v *model.View
+	switch {
+	case in.ViewID != 0:
+		v = x.st.Views[in.ViewID]
+	case in.View != "":
+		v = x.st.ViewByName(in.View)
+	}
+	if (in.ViewID != 0 || in.View != "") && v == nil {
+		return nil, errf(KindNotFound, "no view %s", firstNonEmptyStr(in.View, fmt.Sprint(in.ViewID)))
+	}
+	acks := x.st.Settings.Acknowledged
+	where := "the server"
+	if v != nil {
+		acks, where = v.Acknowledged, "view "+v.Name
+	}
+	var out []model.Acknowledgement
+	for _, a := range acks {
+		if a.Code != in.Code {
+			out = append(out, a)
+		}
+	}
+	summary := "acknowledge " + in.Code + " for " + where + ": " + strings.TrimSpace(in.Reason)
+	if ack {
+		out = append(out, model.Acknowledgement{Code: in.Code, Reason: strings.TrimSpace(in.Reason), By: x.p.Name(), At: x.now})
+	} else {
+		if len(out) == len(acks) {
+			return nil, errf(KindConflict, "%s isn't acknowledged for %s", in.Code, where)
+		}
+		summary = "take back the acknowledgement of " + in.Code + " for " + where
+	}
+	if out == nil {
+		out = []model.Acknowledgement{}
+	}
+	if v != nil {
+		return []model.Op{newOp(OpViewUpdate, v.ID, v.Version, ViewInput{Acknowledged: &out}, summary)}, nil
+	}
+	return []model.Op{newOp(OpSettingsUpdate, 0, 0, SettingsInput{Acknowledged: &out}, summary)}, nil
+}
+
+func firstNonEmptyStr(a, b string) string {
+	if a != "" {
+		return a
+	}
+	return b
+}

internal/engine/exposure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+package engine
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"jarl/internal/model"
+	"jarl/internal/namedconf"
+)
+
+// ExposureFix returns the requests that fix an exposure finding of a view
+// (viewID 0: the server), and what they do, or nil when there is no
+// automatic fix: what to allow instead (your secondaries, your hosts)
+// is for you to decide. The requests go through a changeset like any
+// edit (docs/exposure.md).
+func ExposureFix(st *model.State, viewID int64, code string) ([]Request, string) {
+	v := st.Views[viewID]
+	scope, scopeID := model.ScopeOptions, int64(0)
+	if v != nil {
+		scope, scopeID = model.ScopeView, v.ID
+	}
+	set := func(name, value string) Request {
+		if o := st.FindOption(scope, scopeID, name); o != nil {
+			return NewRequest(OpOptionUpdate, o.ID, OptionInput{Value: &value})
+		}
+		return NewRequest(OpOptionCreate, 0, OptionInput{Scope: &scope, ScopeID: &scopeID, Name: &name, Value: &value})
+	}
+	server := func(name, value string) Request {
+		if o := st.FindOption(model.ScopeOptions, 0, name); o != nil {
+			return NewRequest(OpOptionUpdate, o.ID, OptionInput{Value: &value})
+		}
+		return NewRequest(OpOptionCreate, 0, OptionInput{Scope: model.Ptr(model.ScopeOptions), Name: &name, Value: &value})
+	}
+	switch code {
+	case "exposure_rate_limit":
+		value := RecommendedRateLimit(st, v)
+		return []Request{set("rate-limit", value)}, "start rate limiting in log-only mode: rate-limit " + value
+	case "exposure_rate_limit_log_only":
+		o := st.FindOption(scope, scopeID, "rate-limit")
+		if o == nil {
+			o = st.FindOption(model.ScopeOptions, 0, "rate-limit")
+		}
+		if o == nil {
+			return nil, ""
+		}
+		value := withoutLogOnly(o.Value)
+		return []Request{NewRequest(OpOptionUpdate, o.ID, OptionInput{Value: &value})}, "start enforcing the rate limit: rate-limit " + value
+	case "exposure_minimal_any":
+		return []Request{set("minimal-any", "yes")}, "answer ANY queries minimally: minimal-any yes"
+	case "exposure_cache_snooping":
+		return []Request{set("allow-query-cache", "{ none; }")}, "close the cache to everyone: allow-query-cache { none; }"
+	case "exposure_version":
+		return []Request{server("version", "none")}, "hide BIND's version: version none"
+	case "exposure_hostname":
+		return []Request{server("hostname", "none")}, "hide the host name: hostname none"
+	case "security_open_resolver":
+		if v == nil {
+			return nil, "" // a server without views is also your own resolver
+		}
+		return []Request{set("recursion", "no")}, "turn recursion off in view " + v.Name + ": recursion no"
+	}
+	return nil, ""
+}
+
+// RecommendedRateLimit is the rate-limit block Jarl suggests for a public
+// view (v nil: the server): ISC's example of 10 identical responses per
+// second per client network, in log-only mode until you have looked at
+// what it would limit, with your secondaries exempt so zone transfers
+// and their queries are never limited.
+func RecommendedRateLimit(st *model.State, v *model.View) string {
+	parts := []string{"responses-per-second 10;", "log-only yes;"}
+	if ex := secondaries(st, v); len(ex) > 0 {
+		parts = append(parts, "exempt-clients { "+strings.Join(ex, "; ")+"; };")
+	}
+	return "{ " + strings.Join(parts, " ") + " }"
+}
+
+// secondaries returns the addresses the view's zones notify and allow
+// transfers to (ACLs resolved), the servers that rate limiting must leave
+// alone.
+func secondaries(st *model.State, v *model.View) []string {
+	var opts []*model.Option
+	add := func(scope string, id int64) {
+		for _, name := range []string{"also-notify", "allow-transfer"} {
+			if o := st.FindOption(scope, id, name); o != nil {
+				opts = append(opts, o)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	add(model.ScopeOptions, 0)
+	vid := int64(0)
+	if v != nil {
+		vid = v.ID
+		add(model.ScopeView, v.ID)
+	}
+	for _, z := range st.SortedZones() {
+		if z.ViewID == vid {
+			add(model.ScopeZone, z.ID)
+		}
+	}
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	var out []string
+	var addElems func(list []string, depth int)
+	addElems = func(list []string, depth int) {
+		for _, s := range list {
+			e, err := namedconf.ParseAMElement(s)
+			if err != nil || e.Negated {
+				continue
+			}
+			switch e.Kind {
+			case namedconf.AMPrefix, namedconf.AMRange:
+				if t := e.String(); !seen[t] {
+					seen[t] = true
+					out = append(out, t)
+				}
+			case namedconf.AMName:
+				if a := st.ACLByName(e.Name); a != nil && depth < 10 {
+					addElems(a.Elements, depth+1)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for _, o := range opts {
+		stmt, err := namedconf.ParseOptionValue(o.Name, o.Value)
+		if err != nil || stmt.FirstBlock() == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		var list []string
+		for _, s := range stmt.FirstBlock().Stmts {
+			if o.Name == "also-notify" {
+				// "ADDRESS [port N] [key K]": the address only.
+				if len(s.Items) > 0 && s.Items[0].Value != nil {
+					if _, err := netip.ParseAddr(s.Items[0].Value.Text); err == nil {
+						list = append(list, s.Items[0].Value.Text)
+					}
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			list = append(list, namedconf.Compact(s.Items))
+		}
+		addElems(list, 0)
+	}
+	slices.Sort(out)
+	return out
+}
+
+// withoutLogOnly removes "log-only ...;" from a rate-limit block.
+func withoutLogOnly(value string) string {
+	st, err := namedconf.ParseOptionValue("rate-limit", value)
+	if err != nil || st.FirstBlock() == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	b := st.FirstBlock()
+	var keep []*namedconf.Stmt
+	for _, s := range b.Stmts {
+		if s.Keyword() != "log-only" {
+			keep = append(keep, s)
+		}
+	}
+	b.Stmts = keep
+	return namedconf.Compact(st.Items[1:])
+}

internal/engine/exposure_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package engine
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"jarl/internal/model"
+	"jarl/internal/validate"
+)
+
+func problemFor(ps []validate.Problem, code, view string) *validate.Problem {
+	for i, p := range ps {
+		if p.Code == code && (view == "" || p.View == view) {
+			return &ps[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestExposure(t *testing.T) {
+	env := newEnv(t)
+	setupZone(env)
+	env.submit(env.admin,
+		// An internal network with a global IPv6 prefix is still yours.
+		NewRequest(OpACLCreate, 0, ACLInput{Name: model.Ptr("internal-clients"), Elements: &[]string{"2a02:8013:7f3d:10::/64", "192.168.1.0/24"}}),
+		optionReq("allow-transfer", "{ 192.0.2.53; }"),
+	)
+	env.submit(env.admin,
+		NewRequest(OpViewCreate, 0, ViewInput{Name: model.Ptr("internal"), MatchClients: &[]string{"internal-clients", "localhost"}, AdoptZones: true}),
+		NewRequest(OpViewCreate, 0, ViewInput{Name: model.Ptr("external"), MatchClients: &[]string{"!internal-clients", "any"}}),
+		NewRequest(OpViewCreate, 0, ViewInput{Name: model.Ptr("dmz"), MatchClients: &[]string{"any"}, MatchDestinations: &[]string{"10.9.0.53"}}),
+	)
+	st := env.state()
+	exps := map[string]validate.Exposure{}
+	for _, x := range env.e.Exposures(st) {
+		exps[x.View] = x
+	}
+	if x := exps["internal"]; x.Public || !strings.Contains(x.Reason, "no catch-all") {
+		t.Errorf("internal = %+v", x)
+	}
+	if x := exps["external"]; !x.Public || x.Reason != "match-clients ends in any" {
+		t.Errorf("external = %+v", x)
+	}
+	if x := exps["dmz"]; x.Public || !strings.Contains(x.Reason, "match-destinations") {
+		t.Errorf("dmz = %+v", x)
+	}
+
+	ps := env.e.validate(st)
+	for _, code := range []string{"exposure_rate_limit", "exposure_minimal_any"} {
+		if problemFor(ps, code, "external") == nil {
+			t.Errorf("no %s for external", code)
+		}
+		if problemFor(ps, code, "internal") != nil || problemFor(ps, code, "dmz") != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s for a private view", code)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, code := range []string{"exposure_version", "exposure_hostname"} {
+		if problemFor(ps, code, "") == nil {
+			t.Errorf("no %s", code)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The rate limit fix starts in log-only mode and exempts the
+	// secondaries.
+	ext := st.ViewByName("external")
+	reqs, desc := ExposureFix(st, ext.ID, "exposure_rate_limit")
+	if len(reqs) != 1 || !strings.Contains(desc, "{ responses-per-second 10; log-only yes; exempt-clients { 192.0.2.53; }; }") {
+		t.Fatalf("fix = %v %q", reqs, desc)
+	}
+	env.submit(env.admin, reqs...)
+	ps = env.e.validate(env.state())
+	if problemFor(ps, "exposure_rate_limit", "external") != nil {
+		t.Error("rate limit warning stays after the fix")
+	}
+	if p := problemFor(ps, "exposure_rate_limit_log_only", "external"); p == nil || p.Severity != validate.Info {
+		t.Errorf("log-only = %+v", p)
+	}
+	reqs, desc = ExposureFix(env.state(), ext.ID, "exposure_rate_limit_log_only")
+	if !strings.Contains(desc, "{ responses-per-second 10; exempt-clients { 192.0.2.53; }; }") {
+		t.Errorf("enforce = %q", desc)
+	}
+	env.submit(env.admin, reqs...)
+	if p := problemFor(env.e.validate(env.state()), "exposure_rate_limit_log_only", "external"); p != nil {
+		t.Errorf("still log-only: %+v", p)
+	}
+
+	// Opening the server up needs confirming.
+	open := optionReqView("allow-recursion", "{ any; }", ext.ID)
+	if e := env.submitErr(env.admin, open); e.Kind != KindRisk || !strings.Contains(e.Message, "open resolver") {
+		t.Fatalf("open resolver without confirming: %+v", e)
+	}
+	if _, err := env.e.Submit(env.ctx, []Request{open}, env.admin, "test", "", ApplyOptions{AcceptRisk: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("with accept risk: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Acknowledged, it stays as info, with who and why.
+	env.submit(env.admin, NewRequest(OpExposureAck, 0, AckInput{View: "external", Code: "security_open_resolver", Reason: "public resolver for the club"}))
+	p := problemFor(env.e.validate(env.state()), "security_open_resolver", "external")
+	if p == nil || p.Severity != validate.Info || p.Acknowledged == nil || !strings.Contains(p.Message, "acknowledged by admin on 7 Oct 2026: public resolver for the club") {
+		t.Errorf("acknowledged = %+v", p)
+	}
+	if e := env.submitErr(env.admin, NewRequest(OpExposureAck, 0, AckInput{View: "external", Code: "security_open_resolver"})); e.Kind != KindBadRequest {
+		t.Errorf("ack without a reason: %+v", e)
+	}
+	// Reverting the acknowledgement brings the warning back.
+	env.submit(env.admin, NewRequest(OpExposureUnack, 0, AckInput{View: "external", Code: "security_open_resolver"}))
+	if p := problemFor(env.e.validate(env.state()), "security_open_resolver", "external"); p == nil || p.Severity != validate.Warning {
+		t.Errorf("after unack = %+v", p)
+	}
+	// Marking a view private takes it out of the checks.
+	env.submit(env.admin, NewRequest(OpViewUpdate, ext.ID, ViewInput{Exposure: model.Ptr("private")}))
+	if p := problemFor(env.e.validate(env.state()), "security_open_resolver", "external"); p != nil {
+		t.Errorf("private view still checked: %+v", p)
+	}
+	if e := env.submitErr(env.admin, NewRequest(OpViewUpdate, ext.ID, ViewInput{Exposure: model.Ptr("internet")})); e.Kind != KindBadRequest {
+		t.Errorf("bad exposure: %+v", e)
+	}
+}
+
+// A server without views is public only when named listens on an
+// address that isn't private.
+func TestServerExposure(t *testing.T) {
+	env := newEnv(t)
+	setupZone(env)
+	if x := env.e.Exposures(env.state())[0]; x.Public {
+		t.Errorf("no addresses known = %+v", x)
+	}
+	env.e.cfg.LocalAddrs = func() []netip.Addr {
+		return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.2"), netip.MustParseAddr("2a02:8013:7f3d:10::53")}
+	}
+	if x := env.e.Exposures(env.state())[0]; !x.Public || !strings.Contains(x.Reason, "2a02:8013:7f3d:10::53") {
+		t.Errorf("GUA address = %+v", x)
+	}
+	env.submit(env.admin, NewRequest(OpSettingsUpdate, 0, SettingsInput{Exposure: model.Ptr("private")}))
+	if x := env.e.Exposures(env.state())[0]; x.Public || x.Override != "private" {
+		t.Errorf("marked private = %+v", x)
+	}
+}
+
+func optionReqView(name, value string, viewID int64) Request {
+	return NewRequest(OpOptionCreate, 0, OptionInput{Scope: model.Ptr(model.ScopeView), ScopeID: &viewID, Name: &name, Value: &value})
+}

internal/engine/inputs.go

@@ -51,8 +51,21 @@ const (
 	// operations.
 	OpRecordDisable = "record.disable"
 	OpRecordEnable  = "record.enable"
+	// Acknowledging an exposure finding (docs/exposure.md), and taking it
+	// back, become view.update or settings.update operations.
+	OpExposureAck   = "exposure.ack"
+	OpExposureUnack = "exposure.unack"
 )
 
+// AckInput acknowledges (or un-acknowledges) an exposure finding of a view
+// (by ID or name), or of the server (neither given).
+type AckInput struct {
+	ViewID int64  `json:"view_id,omitempty"`
+	View   string `json:"view,omitempty"`
+	Code   string `json:"code"`
+	Reason string `json:"reason,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // OpKinds lists all operation kinds.
 var OpKinds = []string{OpZoneCreate, OpZoneUpdate, OpZoneDelete, OpRecordCreate, OpRecordUpdate, OpRecordDelete, OpRRSetReplace,
 	OpViewCreate, OpViewUpdate, OpViewDelete, OpViewReorder, OpACLCreate, OpACLUpdate, OpACLDelete,
@@ -184,6 +197,9 @@ type ViewInput struct {
 	AdoptZones bool `json:"adopt_zones,omitempty"`
 	// Cascade (delete) also deletes the view's zones.
 	Cascade bool `json:"cascade,omitempty"`
+	// Exposure is "auto" (or ""), "public" or "private" (docs/exposure.md).
+	Exposure     *string                  `json:"exposure,omitempty"`
+	Acknowledged *[]model.Acknowledgement `json:"acknowledged,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // ReorderInput sets the order of views.
@@ -227,6 +243,9 @@ type SettingsInput struct {
 	Expire       *uint32   `json:"expire,omitempty"`
 	NegativeTTL  *uint32   `json:"negative_ttl,omitempty"`
 	SerialPolicy *string   `json:"serial_policy,omitempty"`
+	// Exposure and Acknowledged are the server's (docs/exposure.md).
+	Exposure     *string                  `json:"exposure,omitempty"`
+	Acknowledged *[]model.Acknowledgement `json:"acknowledged,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // DeleteInput carries options for delete operations.

internal/engine/ops.go

@@ -765,9 +765,41 @@ func setViewFields(v *model.View, in *ViewInput) error {
 	if in.Position != nil {
 		v.Position = *in.Position
 	}
+	if in.Exposure != nil {
+		e, err := normalizeExposure(*in.Exposure)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		v.Exposure = e
+	}
+	if in.Acknowledged != nil {
+		v.Acknowledged = cleanAcks(*in.Acknowledged)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+// normalizeExposure checks an exposure override.
+func normalizeExposure(s string) (string, error) {
+	switch e := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(s)); e {
+	case "", "auto":
+		return model.ExposureAuto, nil
+	case model.ExposurePublic, model.ExposurePrivate:
+		return e, nil
+	}
+	return "", errf(KindBadRequest, "exposure must be auto, public or private, not %q", s)
+}
+
+// cleanAcks drops empty acknowledgements (nil for none).
+func cleanAcks(acks []model.Acknowledgement) []model.Acknowledgement {
+	var out []model.Acknowledgement
+	for _, a := range acks {
+		if a.Code != "" {
+			out = append(out, a)
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
 func applyViewCreate(st *model.State, op model.Op, c *applyCtx) error {
 	var in ViewInput
 	if err := decode(op.Data, &in); err != nil {
@@ -1329,6 +1361,16 @@ func applySettings(st *model.State, op model.Op, c *applyCtx) error {
 	if in.SerialPolicy != nil {
 		s.SerialPolicy = strings.ToLower(*in.SerialPolicy)
 	}
+	if in.Exposure != nil {
+		e, err := normalizeExposure(*in.Exposure)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		s.Exposure = e
+	}
+	if in.Acknowledged != nil {
+		s.Acknowledged = cleanAcks(*in.Acknowledged)
+	}
 	s.Version++
 	return nil
 }

internal/model/model.go

@@ -50,9 +50,43 @@ type View struct {
 	MatchDestinations  []string `json:"match_destinations"`
 	MatchRecursiveOnly *bool    `json:"match_recursive_only,omitempty"`
 	Comment            string   `json:"comment"`
+	// Exposure overrides whether the view counts as reachable from the
+	// internet (docs/exposure.md): "" works it out, ExposurePublic or
+	// ExposurePrivate say so.
+	Exposure string `json:"exposure,omitempty"`
+	// Acknowledged are exposure findings accepted on purpose; they are
+	// shown as info instead of warnings.
+	Acknowledged []Acknowledgement `json:"acknowledged,omitempty"`
 	Meta
 }
 
+// Exposure overrides.
+const (
+	ExposureAuto    = ""
+	ExposurePublic  = "public"
+	ExposurePrivate = "private"
+)
+
+// Acknowledgement accepts one exposure finding (by its code) for a view,
+// or for the server: the finding stays, as info, with who accepted it,
+// when and why.
+type Acknowledgement struct {
+	Code   string    `json:"code"`
+	Reason string    `json:"reason"`
+	By     string    `json:"by"`
+	At     time.Time `json:"at"`
+}
+
+// FindAck returns the acknowledgement of code in acks, if any.
+func FindAck(acks []Acknowledgement, code string) *Acknowledgement {
+	for i := range acks {
+		if acks[i].Code == code {
+			return &acks[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ACL is a named address match list.
 type ACL struct {
 	ID       int64    `json:"id"`
@@ -217,7 +251,11 @@ type Settings struct {
 	BlockingPausedUntil *time.Time `json:"blocking_paused_until,omitempty"`
 	// BlockingPausedIndefinitely pauses blocking until someone resumes it.
 	BlockingPausedIndefinitely bool `json:"blocking_paused_indefinitely,omitempty"`
-	Version                    int  `json:"version"`
+	// Exposure and Acknowledged are the server's own (without views, and
+	// for server-wide findings such as a visible version): see View.
+	Exposure     string            `json:"exposure,omitempty"`
+	Acknowledged []Acknowledgement `json:"acknowledged,omitempty"`
+	Version      int               `json:"version"`
 }
 
 // BlockingPaused reports whether blocking is paused, for a time or until
@@ -289,10 +327,12 @@ func (s *State) Clone() *State {
 		ClientGroups: make(map[int64]*ClientGroup, len(s.ClientGroups)),
 	}
 	c.Settings.Nameservers = slices.Clone(s.Settings.Nameservers)
+	c.Settings.Acknowledged = slices.Clone(s.Settings.Acknowledged)
 	for id, v := range s.Views {
 		n := *v
 		n.MatchClients = slices.Clone(v.MatchClients)
 		n.MatchDestinations = slices.Clone(v.MatchDestinations)
+		n.Acknowledged = slices.Clone(v.Acknowledged)
 		if v.MatchRecursiveOnly != nil {
 			b := *v.MatchRecursiveOnly
 			n.MatchRecursiveOnly = &b

internal/render/render.go

@@ -272,6 +272,12 @@ func renderConfig(s *model.State, p Paths, x Extras, out *Output) (string, []Spa
 	pzs := PolicyZones(s, p)
 	out.Policy = pzs
 	logRewrites := logResponses && len(pzs) > 0
+	// Rate limiting logs what it limits (or would, in log-only mode) as
+	// query-errors; the statistics count it (docs/exposure.md).
+	logRRL := false
+	for _, o := range s.Options {
+		logRRL = logRRL || logResponses && o.Name == "rate-limit"
+	}
 	sawStats, sawLogging := false, false
 	if top := s.ScopedOptions(model.ScopeTopLevel, 0); len(top) > 0 {
 		w.write("\n")
@@ -282,7 +288,7 @@ func renderConfig(s *model.State, p Paths, x Extras, out *Output) (string, []Spa
 				w.write(st.statsStatement(o))
 				sawStats = true
 			case logResponses && o.Name == "logging" && !sawLogging:
-				w.write(st.loggingStatement(o, logRewrites))
+				w.write(st.loggingStatement(o, logRewrites, logRRL))
 				sawLogging = true
 			default:
 				w.write(optionText(o, 0))
@@ -297,7 +303,7 @@ func renderConfig(s *model.State, p Paths, x Extras, out *Output) (string, []Spa
 			w.write(st.statsStatement(nil))
 		}
 		if logResponses && !sawLogging {
-			w.write(st.loggingStatement(nil, logRewrites))
+			w.write(st.loggingStatement(nil, logRewrites, logRRL))
 		}
 		w.end()
 	}

internal/render/stats.go

@@ -72,9 +72,10 @@ func (h *StatsHooks) statsStatement(user *model.Option) string {
 }
 
 // loggingStatement returns the logging statement with Jarl's channel and
-// the responses category (and rpz, for blocking's rewrites), merged into
+// the responses category (rpz too, for blocking's rewrites, and
-// the user's own if there is one.
+// query-errors for rate limiting), merged into the user's own if there is
-func (h *StatsHooks) loggingStatement(user *model.Option, rpz bool) string {
+// one.
+func (h *StatsHooks) loggingStatement(user *model.Option, rpz, rrl bool) string {
 	var st *namedconf.Stmt
 	if user != nil {
 		var err error
@@ -92,6 +93,9 @@ func (h *StatsHooks) loggingStatement(user *model.Option, rpz bool) string {
 	if rpz {
 		categories = append(categories, "rpz")
 	}
+	if rrl {
+		categories = append(categories, "query-errors")
+	}
 	for _, cat := range categories {
 		merged := false
 		for _, s := range b.Stmts {
@@ -101,7 +105,13 @@ func (h *StatsHooks) loggingStatement(user *model.Option, rpz bool) string {
 			}
 		}
 		if !merged {
-			b.Stmts = append(b.Stmts, namedconf.NewStmt("category", cat, namedconf.NewBlock(namedconf.NewStmt(StatsChannelName))))
+			channels := namedconf.NewBlock(namedconf.NewStmt(StatsChannelName))
+			if cat == "query-errors" {
+				// Naming the category takes it away from named's
+				// default destination: keep that too.
+				channels.Stmts = append(channels.Stmts, namedconf.NewStmt("default_syslog"))
+			}
+			b.Stmts = append(b.Stmts, namedconf.NewStmt("category", cat, channels))
 		}
 	}
 	prefix := ""

internal/server/exposure_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestExposureAPI(t *testing.T) {
+	e := newAPIEnv(t)
+	e.do("POST", "/zones", e.token, map[string]any{"name": "example.com", "records": []map[string]any{{"name": "ns1", "type": "A", "data": "192.0.2.1"}}}, 201)
+	e.do("POST", "/views", e.token, map[string]any{"name": "internal", "match_clients": []string{"192.168.1.0/24", "localhost"}, "adopt_zones": true}, 201)
+	ext := e.do("POST", "/views", e.token, map[string]any{"name": "external", "match_clients": []string{"any"}}, 201)["object"].(map[string]any)["id"]
+
+	type report struct {
+		Scopes []struct {
+			View      string `json:"view"`
+			Reason    string `json:"reason"`
+			RateLimit string `json:"rate_limit"`
+			Public    bool   `json:"public"`
+			Findings  []struct {
+				Code, Severity, Fix string
+			}
+		}
+		Server []struct{ Code, Fix string }
+	}
+	get := func() report {
+		b, status := e.req("GET", "/exposure", e.token, nil)
+		if status != 200 {
+			t.Fatalf("exposure = %d %s", status, b)
+		}
+		var r report
+		json.Unmarshal(b, &r)
+		return r
+	}
+	r := get()
+	if len(r.Scopes) != 2 || r.Scopes[0].View != "internal" || r.Scopes[0].Public || !r.Scopes[1].Public {
+		t.Fatalf("scopes = %+v", r.Scopes)
+	}
+	var codes []string
+	for _, f := range r.Scopes[1].Findings {
+		codes = append(codes, f.Code)
+		if f.Code == "exposure_rate_limit" && !strings.Contains(f.Fix, "log-only yes") {
+			t.Errorf("rate limit fix = %q", f.Fix)
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(strings.Join(codes, " "), "exposure_rate_limit") || len(r.Server) < 2 {
+		t.Errorf("findings = %v, server = %+v", codes, r.Server)
+	}
+	e.do("POST", "/exposure/fix", e.token, map[string]any{"view": "external", "code": "exposure_rate_limit"}, 201)
+	if r := get(); r.Scopes[1].RateLimit != "log-only" {
+		t.Errorf("rate limit = %q", r.Scopes[1].RateLimit)
+	}
+	if _, status := e.req("POST", "/exposure/fix", e.token, map[string]any{"view": "external", "code": "exposure_open_notify"}); status != 400 {
+		t.Errorf("fix without an automatic fix = %d", status)
+	}
+	// Opening a public view up needs confirming.
+	b, status := e.req("POST", "/options", e.token, map[string]any{"scope": "view", "scope_id": ext, "name": "allow-recursion", "value": "any"})
+	if status != 409 || !strings.Contains(string(b), "confirm_risk") {
+		t.Errorf("open resolver = %d %s", status, b)
+	}
+	e.do("POST", "/exposure/ack", e.token, map[string]any{"view": "external", "code": "exposure_minimal_any", "reason": "testing"}, 201)
+	for _, f := range get().Scopes[1].Findings {
+		if f.Code == "exposure_minimal_any" && f.Severity != "info" {
+			t.Errorf("acknowledged finding = %+v", f)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/server/h_changes.go

@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ func (s *Server) applyBatch(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.Prin
 	if in.Force {
 		q.Set("force", "1")
 	}
+	if in.AcceptRisk {
+		q.Set("accept_risk", "1")
+	}
 	r.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
 	return s.mutate(w, r, p, in.Description, toRequests(in.Ops), nil)
 }
@@ -106,7 +109,7 @@ func (s *Server) createChangeset(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth
 		}
 		cs = res.Changeset
 		if in.Apply {
-			out, err := s.eng.Apply(r.Context(), cs.ID, p, engine.ApplyOptions{DryRun: in.DryRun, Force: in.Force})
+			out, err := s.eng.Apply(r.Context(), cs.ID, p, engine.ApplyOptions{DryRun: in.DryRun, Force: in.Force, AcceptRisk: in.AcceptRisk})
 			if err != nil {
 				s.writeErr(w, r, err, out)
 				return nil
@@ -214,8 +217,9 @@ func (s *Server) applyChangeset(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.
 		return err
 	}
 	var in struct {
-		DryRun bool `json:"dry_run"`
+		DryRun     bool `json:"dry_run"`
-		Force  bool `json:"force"`
+		Force      bool `json:"force"`
+		AcceptRisk bool `json:"accept_risk"`
 	}
 	if body, err := readBody(r); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -224,7 +228,8 @@ func (s *Server) applyChangeset(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.
 			return badRequest("invalid JSON: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
-	res, err := s.eng.Apply(r.Context(), id, p, engine.ApplyOptions{DryRun: in.DryRun || queryBool(r, "dry_run"), Force: in.Force || queryBool(r, "force")})
+	res, err := s.eng.Apply(r.Context(), id, p, engine.ApplyOptions{DryRun: in.DryRun || queryBool(r, "dry_run"), Force: in.Force || queryBool(r, "force"),
+		AcceptRisk: in.AcceptRisk || queryBool(r, "accept_risk")})
 	if err != nil {
 		s.writeErr(w, r, err, res)
 		return nil

internal/server/h_exposure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"jarl/internal/auth"
+	"jarl/internal/engine"
+	"jarl/internal/model"
+	"jarl/internal/stats"
+	"jarl/internal/validate"
+)
+
+// exposureFinding is an exposure problem with the fix Jarl can stage for
+// it ("" when there is none).
+type exposureFinding struct {
+	validate.Problem
+	Fix string `json:"fix,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type exposureScope struct {
+	validate.Exposure
+	RateLimit string            `json:"rate_limit"` // off, log-only or enforcing
+	Findings  []exposureFinding `json:"findings"`
+}
+
+type exposureReport struct {
+	Scopes []exposureScope `json:"scopes"`
+	// Server holds server-wide findings (version, host name, management
+	// interfaces).
+	Server []exposureFinding `json:"server"`
+	// RateLimiting is what rate limiting limited, or would have, in the
+	// last 24 hours (with query statistics on).
+	RateLimiting *rateLimitActivity `json:"rate_limiting,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type rateLimitActivity struct {
+	Since    string        `json:"since"`
+	Counts   []stats.Entry `json:"counts"`   // drop, slip, would-drop, would-slip
+	Networks []stats.Entry `json:"networks"` // client networks, most limited first
+	Names    []stats.Entry `json:"names"`    // "name TYPE"
+}
+
+// exposure: GET /exposure reports which views are reachable from the
+// internet and what the exposure checks found (docs/exposure.md).
+func (s *Server) exposure(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.Principal) error {
+	if err := require(p, auth.Action{Resource: auth.ResOptions}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	st, err := s.store.LoadState(r.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	problems := s.eng.Validate(st)
+	out := exposureReport{Scopes: []exposureScope{}, Server: []exposureFinding{}}
+	finding := func(pr validate.Problem, viewID int64) exposureFinding {
+		_, desc := engine.ExposureFix(st, viewID, pr.Code)
+		return exposureFinding{Problem: pr, Fix: desc}
+	}
+	scopes := map[string]int{}
+	for _, x := range s.eng.Exposures(st) {
+		sc := exposureScope{Exposure: x, RateLimit: "off", Findings: []exposureFinding{}}
+		v := st.Views[x.ViewID]
+		o := st.FindOption(model.ScopeOptions, 0, "rate-limit")
+		if v != nil {
+			if vo := st.FindOption(model.ScopeView, v.ID, "rate-limit"); vo != nil {
+				o = vo
+			}
+		}
+		if o != nil {
+			sc.RateLimit = "enforcing"
+			if validate.LogOnly(o) {
+				sc.RateLimit = "log-only"
+			}
+		}
+		scopes[x.View] = len(out.Scopes)
+		out.Scopes = append(out.Scopes, sc)
+	}
+	for _, pr := range problems {
+		if !validate.Ackable(pr.Code) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if pr.ObjectType == "view" || pr.ObjectType == "zone" {
+			if i, ok := scopes[pr.View]; ok {
+				out.Scopes[i].Findings = append(out.Scopes[i].Findings, finding(pr, out.Scopes[i].ViewID))
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		out.Server = append(out.Server, finding(pr, 0))
+	}
+	if s.statsQ != nil && p.Can(auth.Action{Resource: auth.ResStats}) {
+		ctx, since := r.Context(), 24*time.Hour
+		a := &rateLimitActivity{Since: "24h"}
+		a.Counts, _ = s.statsQ.Breakdown(ctx, "rrl", since)
+		a.Networks, _ = s.statsQ.Top(ctx, stats.KindRateLimited, since, 10)
+		a.Names, _ = s.statsQ.Top(ctx, stats.KindRateLimitedName, since, 10)
+		out.RateLimiting = a
+	}
+	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, out)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// exposureFix: POST /exposure/fix {"view_id": 3, "code": "..."} stages (or
+// applies) the fix for a finding, like any other change.
+func (s *Server) exposureFix(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.Principal) error {
+	var in struct {
+		ViewID int64  `json:"view_id"`
+		View   string `json:"view"`
+		Code   string `json:"code"`
+	}
+	if err := decodeJSON(r, &in); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	st, err := s.store.LoadState(r.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if in.View != "" {
+		v := st.ViewByName(in.View)
+		if v == nil {
+			return notFound("no view %s", in.View)
+		}
+		in.ViewID = v.ID
+	}
+	reqs, desc := engine.ExposureFix(st, in.ViewID, in.Code)
+	if reqs == nil {
+		return badRequest("there is no automatic fix for %s: what to allow is yours to decide; change the option yourself, or acknowledge the finding", in.Code)
+	}
+	return s.mutate(w, r, p, desc, reqs, nil)
+}
+
+// exposureAck: POST /exposure/ack {"view": "external", "code": "...",
+// "reason": "..."} accepts a finding (unack takes it back).
+func (s *Server) exposureAck(ack bool) handler {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.Principal) error {
+		var in engine.AckInput
+		if err := decodeJSON(r, &in); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		op := engine.OpExposureUnack
+		if ack {
+			op = engine.OpExposureAck
+		}
+		return s.mutate(w, r, p, "", []engine.Request{engine.NewRequest(op, 0, in)}, nil)
+	}
+}

internal/server/metrics.go

@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ var counterMetrics = map[string]struct{ name, label, help string }{
 	"answer":    {"jarl_answers_total", "source", "Answers that were authoritative or not (recursive)."},
 	"transport": {"jarl_queries_by_transport_total", "transport", "Queries over UDP and TCP."},
 	"ratelimit": {"jarl_ratelimit_responses_total", "action", "Responses rate limiting dropped or slipped (truncated)."},
+	"rrl":       {"jarl_ratelimit_logged_total", "action", "Rate limited responses from named's log: drop and slip, or would-drop and would-slip in log-only mode."},
 	"rtt":       {"jarl_upstream_responses_by_rtt_total", "rtt", "Responses from other servers during recursion, by round-trip time."},
 	"dnssec":    {"jarl_dnssec_validations_total", "result", "DNSSEC validations of recursive answers by result."},
 	"cache":     {"jarl_cache_lookups_total", "result", "Cache lookups that hit or missed."},

internal/server/respond.go

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func engineStatus(k engine.ErrorKind) int {
 		return http.StatusForbidden
 	case engine.KindNotFound:
 		return http.StatusNotFound
-	case engine.KindConflict, engine.KindDrift, engine.KindNotAdopted:
+	case engine.KindConflict, engine.KindDrift, engine.KindNotAdopted, engine.KindRisk:
 		return http.StatusConflict
 	case engine.KindValidation:
 		return http.StatusUnprocessableEntity

internal/server/routes.go

@@ -162,6 +162,10 @@ func (s *Server) routes() {
 	m.HandleFunc("POST "+p+"/acme/httpreq/view/{view}/present", s.httpreq(true))
 	m.HandleFunc("POST "+p+"/acme/httpreq/view/{view}/cleanup", s.httpreq(false))
 	// Query statistics
+	m.HandleFunc("GET "+p+"/exposure", s.authed(s.exposure))
+	m.HandleFunc("POST "+p+"/exposure/fix", s.authed(s.exposureFix))
+	m.HandleFunc("POST "+p+"/exposure/ack", s.authed(s.exposureAck(true)))
+	m.HandleFunc("POST "+p+"/exposure/unack", s.authed(s.exposureAck(false)))
 	m.HandleFunc("GET "+p+"/stats/status", s.authed(s.statsStatus))
 	m.HandleFunc("GET "+p+"/stats/summary", s.authed(s.statsSummary))
 	m.HandleFunc("GET "+p+"/stats/top", s.authed(s.statsTop))
@@ -252,7 +256,7 @@ func (s *Server) mutate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, p *auth.Principa
 		writeJSON(w, http.StatusAccepted, api.MutationResponse{Staged: true, ChangesetID: csID, Changeset: raw(res.Changeset), Added: engine.RedactOps(res.Added), Warnings: res.Warnings, Problems: raw(res.Problems)})
 		return nil
 	}
-	opts := engine.ApplyOptions{DryRun: queryBool(r, "dry_run"), Force: queryBool(r, "force")}
+	opts := engine.ApplyOptions{DryRun: queryBool(r, "dry_run"), Force: queryBool(r, "force"), AcceptRisk: queryBool(r, "accept_risk")}
 	res, err := s.eng.Submit(r.Context(), reqs, p, via(r, p), description, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.writeErr(w, r, err, res)

internal/stats/collector.go

@@ -26,10 +26,15 @@ const (
 	KindBlocked  = "blocked"  // names blocked (docs/blocking.md)
 	// KindBlockedClient: clients with the most blocked queries.
 	KindBlockedClient = "blocked_client"
+	// KindRateLimited: client networks whose responses rate limiting
+	// limited (or would have, in log-only mode); KindRateLimitedName: the
+	// names and types they asked for (docs/exposure.md).
+	KindRateLimited     = "ratelimited"
+	KindRateLimitedName = "ratelimited_name"
 )
 
 // Kinds lists the top-list kinds.
-var Kinds = []string{KindName, KindClient, KindNXDomain, KindServFail, KindRefused, KindBlocked, KindBlockedClient}
+var Kinds = []string{KindName, KindClient, KindNXDomain, KindServFail, KindRefused, KindBlocked, KindBlockedClient, KindRateLimited, KindRateLimitedName}
 
 // OtherZone is the zone key for names outside every local zone (answered
 // by recursion, or refused).
@@ -337,6 +342,8 @@ func (c *Collector) handleLine(line string) {
 	if !ok {
 		if rw, ok := ParseRewrite(line, c.opts.Location); ok {
 			c.handleRewrite(rw)
+		} else if rl, ok := ParseRateLimit(line, c.opts.Location); ok {
+			c.handleRateLimit(rl)
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -416,6 +423,30 @@ func (c *Collector) handleRewrite(rw Rewrite) {
 	hours[hour][KindBlockedClient][clientKey(rw.Client, c.opts.Anonymize)]++
 }
 
+// handleRateLimit counts a response rate limiting limited, or would have:
+// "rrl:drop", "rrl:slip", "rrl:would-drop" or "rrl:would-slip", and the
+// client network and name in the hour's top lists.
+func (c *Collector) handleRateLimit(rl RateLimit) {
+	for _, p := range c.opts.Exclude {
+		if p.Contains(rl.Client) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	key := "rrl:" + rl.Action
+	if rl.Would {
+		key = "rrl:would-" + rl.Action
+	}
+	minute, hour := c.minuteOf(rl.Time), c.hourOf(rl.Time)
+	c.count(minute, key, 1)
+	hours := c.hours
+	if hour < c.liveHour {
+		hours = c.late
+	}
+	hours[hour] = c.hourMaps(hours, hour)
+	hours[hour][KindRateLimited][rl.Prefix]++
+	hours[hour][KindRateLimitedName][rl.Name+" "+rl.Type]++
+}
+
 // policySource names what a rewrite came from: a blocklist's name, "rules"
 // for the rules entered in Jarl, or the policy zone for others.
 func policySource(via string) string {

internal/stats/parse.go

@@ -33,17 +33,55 @@ type Rewrite struct {
 //
 //	07-Oct-2026 19:46:22.195 client @0x7135... 10.10.0.37#51709 (nas.adbraun.lol): view internal: response: nas.adbraun.lol IN A NOERROR 1 0 1 +E(0)K (10.10.0.2)
 //
-// The "view NAME: " part is missing when no views are configured.
+// The "view NAME: " part is missing when no views are configured, and a
-var responseRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d{2}-[A-Za-z]{3}-\d{4} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d{3}) client @0x[0-9a-fA-F]+ (\S+)#(\d+) \(.*?\): (?:view (.+?): )?response: (\S+) (\S+) (\S+) ([A-Z0-9]+) `)
+// query signed with a TSIG key has "/key NAME" after the port.
+var responseRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d{2}-[A-Za-z]{3}-\d{4} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d{3}) client @0x[0-9a-fA-F]+ (\S+)#(\d+)(?:/key \S+)? \(.*?\): (?:view (.+?): )?response: (\S+) (\S+) (\S+) ([A-Z0-9]+) `)
 
 // rewriteRe matches named's RPZ rewrite lines (category rpz), logged just
 // before the response line of the same query:
 //
 //	09-Oct-2026 23:49:13.698 client @0x7135... 10.10.0.37#54468 (ads.example): view internal: rpz QNAME NXDOMAIN rewrite ads.example/A/IN via ads.example.hagezi.blocklist.jarl.invalid
-var rewriteRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d{2}-[A-Za-z]{3}-\d{4} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d{3}) client @0x[0-9a-fA-F]+ (\S+)#(\d+) \((.*?)\): (?:view (.+?): )?rpz \S+ (\S+) rewrite \S+ via (\S+)`)
+var rewriteRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d{2}-[A-Za-z]{3}-\d{4} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d{3}) client @0x[0-9a-fA-F]+ (\S+)#(\d+)(?:/key \S+)? \((.*?)\): (?:view (.+?): )?rpz \S+ (\S+) rewrite \S+ via (\S+)`)
+
+// rateLimitRe matches named's response rate limiting lines (category
+// query-errors), when it limits a response or, in log-only mode, would:
+//
+//	12-Oct-2026 09:56:35.996 client @0x70a2... 127.0.0.2#59296 (www.rrl.test): would rate limit slip response to 127.0.0.0/24 for www.rrl.test IN A  (0ce833a4)
+var rateLimitRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d{2}-[A-Za-z]{3}-\d{4} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d{3}) client @0x[0-9a-fA-F]+ (\S+)#(\d+)(?:/key \S+)? \(.*?\): (?:view (.+?): )?(would )?rate limit (drop|slip) (?:\S+ )?response to (\S+) for (\S+) \S+ (\S+)`)
+
+// RateLimit is a response that rate limiting dropped or slipped (sent
+// truncated, so a real client retries over TCP), or would have in
+// log-only mode.
+type RateLimit struct {
+	Time   time.Time
+	Client netip.Addr
+	View   string
+	Would  bool   // log-only: nothing was limited
+	Action string // drop or slip
+	Prefix string // the client network named counts, e.g. 192.0.2.0/24
+	Name   string // the query name, normalized like Event.Name
+	Type   string
+}
 
 const logTimeLayout = "02-Jan-2006 15:04:05.000"
 
+// ParseRateLimit parses a rate limiting log line.
+func ParseRateLimit(line string, loc *time.Location) (rl RateLimit, ok bool) {
+	m := rateLimitRe.FindStringSubmatch(line)
+	if m == nil {
+		return rl, false
+	}
+	t, err := time.ParseInLocation(logTimeLayout, m[1], loc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return rl, false
+	}
+	client, err := netip.ParseAddr(m[2])
+	if err != nil {
+		return rl, false
+	}
+	return RateLimit{Time: t, Client: client.Unmap(), View: m[4], Would: m[5] != "", Action: m[6], Prefix: m[7], Name: normalizeName(m[8]), Type: m[9]}, true
+}
+
 // ParseResponse parses a response log line. ok is false for other lines
 // (named also logs to the channel when it starts and rotates files).
 func ParseResponse(line string, loc *time.Location) (ev Event, ok bool) {

internal/stats/parse_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package stats
 
 import (
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -42,3 +43,44 @@ func TestParseResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestParseRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	loc := time.UTC
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		line  string
+		want  RateLimit
+		views bool
+	}{
+		{line: "12-Oct-2026 09:56:35.996 client @0x70a247adf000 127.0.0.2#59296 (www.rrl.test): would rate limit slip response to 127.0.0.0/24 for www.rrl.test IN A  (0ce833a4)",
+			want: RateLimit{Would: true, Action: "slip", Prefix: "127.0.0.0/24", Name: "www.rrl.test", Type: "A"}},
+		{line: "12-Oct-2026 09:56:38.303 client @0x7eee390df000 127.0.0.2#35687 (www.rrl.test): rate limit drop response to 127.0.0.0/24 for www.rrl.test IN A  (0ce833a4)",
+			want: RateLimit{Action: "drop", Prefix: "127.0.0.0/24", Name: "www.rrl.test", Type: "A"}},
+		{line: "12-Oct-2026 09:56:38.303 client @0x7eee390df000 2001:db8::7#35687 (Adbraun.lol): view external: rate limit drop response to 2001:db8::/56 for adbraun.lol IN ANY  (0ce833a4)",
+			want: RateLimit{View: "external", Action: "drop", Prefix: "2001:db8::/56", Name: "adbraun.lol", Type: "ANY"}},
+	} {
+		rl, ok := ParseRateLimit(tc.line, loc)
+		rl.Time, rl.Client = time.Time{}, netip.Addr{}
+		if !ok || rl != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s:\n got %+v %v\nwant %+v", tc.line, rl, ok, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := ParseRateLimit("12-Oct-2026 09:56:35.996 rate-limit: info: would limit responses to 127.0.0.0/24 for www.rrl.test IN A  (0ce833a4)", loc); ok {
+		t.Error("the start-of-limiting line counted as a response")
+	}
+}
+
+// Signed queries have "/key NAME" after the client's port.
+func TestParseSigned(t *testing.T) {
+	loc := time.UTC
+	ev, ok := ParseResponse("12-Oct-2026 10:11:06.490 client @0x7a22f754b000 127.0.0.1#34745/key jarl-view-external (ns1.adbraun.test): view external: response: ns1.adbraun.test IN A NOERROR 1 0 2 +E(0)SK (127.0.0.1)", loc)
+	if !ok || ev.View != "external" || ev.Name != "ns1.adbraun.test" || ev.Port != "34745" {
+		t.Errorf("signed response = %+v %v", ev, ok)
+	}
+	rl, ok := ParseRateLimit("12-Oct-2026 10:11:06.599 client @0x7a22f754b000 127.0.0.1#34856/key jarl-view-external (ns1.adbraun.test): view external: would rate limit slip response to 127.0.0.0/24 for ns1.adbraun.test IN A  (e777e288)", loc)
+	if !ok || rl.View != "external" || !rl.Would || rl.Action != "slip" || rl.Prefix != "127.0.0.0/24" {
+		t.Errorf("signed rate limit = %+v %v", rl, ok)
+	}
+	if _, ok := ParseRewrite("09-Oct-2026 23:49:13.089 client @0x7bd607320000 127.0.0.1#56905/key k1 (x.ads.example): view internal: rpz QNAME NXDOMAIN rewrite x.ads.example/A/IN via x.ads.example.rules.jarl.invalid", loc); !ok {
+		t.Error("signed rewrite not parsed")
+	}
+}

internal/stats/query.go

@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func (q *Querier) Breakdown(ctx context.Context, group string, since time.Durati
 }
 
 // Groups are the counter groups Breakdown accepts.
-var Groups = []string{"qtype", "rcode", "view", "zone", "answer", "transport", "rtt", "dnssec", "cache", "ratelimit", "blocklist"}
+var Groups = []string{"qtype", "rcode", "view", "zone", "answer", "transport", "rtt", "dnssec", "cache", "ratelimit", "rrl", "blocklist"}
 
 // Timeline is a set of series over time.
 type Timeline struct {

internal/store/state.go

@@ -31,20 +31,23 @@ func loadState(ctx context.Context, e execer) (*model.State, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	rows, err := e.QueryContext(ctx, `SELECT id, name, position, match_clients, match_destinations, match_recursive_only, comment, version, created_at, updated_at, created_by, updated_by FROM views`)
+	rows, err := e.QueryContext(ctx, `SELECT id, name, position, match_clients, match_destinations, match_recursive_only, comment, exposure, acknowledged, version, created_at, updated_at, created_by, updated_by FROM views`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	for rows.Next() {
 		v := &model.View{}
-		var mc, md, ca, ua string
+		var mc, md, acks, ca, ua string
 		var mro sql.NullInt64
-		if err := rows.Scan(&v.ID, &v.Name, &v.Position, &mc, &md, &mro, &v.Comment, &v.Version, &ca, &ua, &v.CreatedBy, &v.UpdatedBy); err != nil {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&v.ID, &v.Name, &v.Position, &mc, &md, &mro, &v.Comment, &v.Exposure, &acks, &v.Version, &ca, &ua, &v.CreatedBy, &v.UpdatedBy); err != nil {
 			rows.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		json.Unmarshal([]byte(mc), &v.MatchClients)
 		json.Unmarshal([]byte(md), &v.MatchDestinations)
+		if acks != "[]" && acks != "" {
+			json.Unmarshal([]byte(acks), &v.Acknowledged)
+		}
 		if mro.Valid {
 			v.MatchRecursiveOnly = model.Ptr(mro.Int64 != 0)
 		}
@@ -264,8 +267,8 @@ func saveState(ctx context.Context, e execer, old, new *model.State) error {
 		if v.MatchRecursiveOnly != nil {
 			mro = boolInt(*v.MatchRecursiveOnly)
 		}
-		_, err := e.ExecContext(ctx, `INSERT OR REPLACE INTO views (id, name, position, match_clients, match_destinations, match_recursive_only, comment, version, created_at, updated_at, created_by, updated_by) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)`,
+		_, err := e.ExecContext(ctx, `INSERT OR REPLACE INTO views (id, name, position, match_clients, match_destinations, match_recursive_only, comment, exposure, acknowledged, version, created_at, updated_at, created_by, updated_by) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)`,
-			v.ID, v.Name, v.Position, jsonText(nonNil(v.MatchClients)), jsonText(nonNil(v.MatchDestinations)), mro, v.Comment, v.Version, ts(v.CreatedAt), ts(v.UpdatedAt), v.CreatedBy, v.UpdatedBy)
+			v.ID, v.Name, v.Position, jsonText(nonNil(v.MatchClients)), jsonText(nonNil(v.MatchDestinations)), mro, v.Comment, v.Exposure, jsonText(nonNilAcks(v.Acknowledged)), v.Version, ts(v.CreatedAt), ts(v.UpdatedAt), v.CreatedBy, v.UpdatedBy)
 		return err
 	}, func(id int64) error { return del(ctx, e, "views", id) }); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -344,6 +347,13 @@ func nonNilIDs(ids []int64) []int64 {
 	return ids
 }
 
+func nonNilAcks(a []model.Acknowledgement) []model.Acknowledgement {
+	if a == nil {
+		return []model.Acknowledgement{}
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
 func nonNil(s []string) []string {
 	if s == nil {
 		return []string{}

internal/store/store.go

@@ -326,6 +326,12 @@ CREATE TABLE client_groups (
 	version INTEGER NOT NULL, created_at TEXT NOT NULL, updated_at TEXT NOT NULL,
 	created_by TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '', updated_by TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
 );
+`,
+	// 9: internet exposure (docs/exposure.md): a view's override and its
+	// acknowledged findings.
+	`
+ALTER TABLE views ADD COLUMN exposure TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '';
+ALTER TABLE views ADD COLUMN acknowledged TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '[]';
 `,
 }
 

internal/validate/config.go

@@ -563,10 +563,15 @@ func (c *checker) checkSecurity() {
 	for _, v := range views {
 		ctxs = append(ctxs, ctx{v, "view " + v.Name})
 	}
+	exposure := map[int64]Exposure{}
+	for _, x := range c.exposures() {
+		exposure[x.ViewID] = x
+	}
 	for _, x := range ctxs {
 		// A view only reachable from some clients (e.g. "internal") can
 		// recurse for everyone inside it without being an open resolver.
-		if x.v != nil && !c.listMatchesEveryone(x.v.MatchClients, true) {
+		// Without views, only a server marked private is left out.
+		if x := exposure[viewID(x.v)]; !x.Public && (x.ViewID != 0 || x.Override == model.ExposurePrivate) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if c.effectiveBool(x.v, "recursion", true) {
@@ -608,6 +613,9 @@ func (c *checker) checkSecurity() {
 			p := c.errf("dynamic_update_unsupported", "zone", z.ID, "allow-update makes the zone dynamic, but Jarl rewrites zone files and would discard dynamic updates; remove allow-update (or set it to { none; }) and manage records through Jarl")
 			p.Zone, p.View = z.Name, c.s.ViewName(z)
 		}
+		if x, ok := exposure[z.ViewID]; ok && !x.Public && (x.ViewID != 0 || x.Override == model.ExposurePrivate) {
+			continue // only reachable by your own clients
+		}
 		if o := c.s.FindOption(model.ScopeZone, z.ID, "allow-transfer"); o != nil && namedconf.ContainsAny(c.amlOf(o)) {
 			p := c.warnf("security_open_transfer", "zone", z.ID, "allows zone transfers (AXFR) to anyone; restrict allow-transfer to your secondaries or a TSIG key")
 			p.Zone, p.View = z.Name, c.s.ViewName(z)

internal/validate/exposure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+package validate
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+
+	"jarl/internal/model"
+	"jarl/internal/namedconf"
+)
+
+// Exposure says whether a view, or the server without views, can be
+// reached from the internet (docs/exposure.md). The exposure checks only
+// look at public ones.
+type Exposure struct {
+	ViewID   int64  `json:"view_id"` // 0: the server (no views)
+	View     string `json:"view,omitempty"`
+	Public   bool   `json:"public"`
+	Override string `json:"override,omitempty"` // public or private, set by hand
+	Reason   string `json:"reason"`
+}
+
+// Label names the scope in messages: "view external" or "the server".
+func (e Exposure) Label() string {
+	if e.ViewID == 0 {
+		return "the server"
+	}
+	return "view " + e.View
+}
+
+// RiskCodes are the findings that open the server up rather than leave it
+// less hardened: a change that introduces one must be confirmed
+// (ApplyOptions.AcceptRisk).
+var RiskCodes = map[string]bool{
+	"security_open_resolver":  true,
+	"security_open_transfer":  true,
+	"exposure_cache_snooping": true,
+	"exposure_open_notify":    true,
+	"exposure_management":     true,
+}
+
+// Ackable reports whether a finding can be acknowledged.
+func Ackable(code string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(code, "exposure_") || strings.HasPrefix(code, "security_open_")
+}
+
+// Exposures classifies every view (or the server, without views).
+func Exposures(s *model.State, opts Options) []Exposure {
+	c := &checker{s: s, opts: opts}
+	return c.exposures()
+}
+
+func (c *checker) exposures() []Exposure {
+	views := c.s.OrderedViews()
+	if len(views) == 0 {
+		return []Exposure{c.serverExposure()}
+	}
+	var out []Exposure
+	for _, v := range views {
+		out = append(out, c.viewExposure(v))
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (c *checker) viewExposure(v *model.View) Exposure {
+	e := Exposure{ViewID: v.ID, View: v.Name}
+	switch v.Exposure {
+	case model.ExposurePublic:
+		e.Public, e.Override, e.Reason = true, v.Exposure, "marked public"
+		return e
+	case model.ExposurePrivate:
+		e.Override, e.Reason = v.Exposure, "marked private"
+		return e
+	}
+	clients := c.flatten(v.MatchClients, 0)
+	what, open := catchAll(clients)
+	if len(v.MatchClients) == 0 {
+		what, open = "nothing (so any client)", true
+	}
+	if !open {
+		e.Reason = "match-clients lists only " + describeList(v.MatchClients) + ", no catch-all"
+		return e
+	}
+	if len(v.MatchDestinations) > 0 {
+		if dst := c.flatten(v.MatchDestinations, 0); onlyPrivate(dst) {
+			e.Reason = "match-destinations lists only private addresses (" + describeList(v.MatchDestinations) + ")"
+			return e
+		}
+	}
+	e.Public, e.Reason = true, "match-clients ends in "+what
+	return e
+}
+
+// serverExposure classifies a server without views: public when anyone
+// may query it and it listens on an address that isn't private.
+func (c *checker) serverExposure() Exposure {
+	e := Exposure{}
+	switch c.s.Settings.Exposure {
+	case model.ExposurePublic:
+		e.Public, e.Override, e.Reason = true, model.ExposurePublic, "marked public"
+		return e
+	case model.ExposurePrivate:
+		e.Override, e.Reason = model.ExposurePrivate, "marked private"
+		return e
+	}
+	if aml, _, set := c.effectiveAML(nil, "allow-query"); set {
+		if _, open := catchAll(aml); !open {
+			e.Reason = "allow-query has no catch-all"
+			return e
+		}
+	}
+	addr, ok := c.publicListenAddr()
+	if !ok {
+		e.Reason = "named listens on private addresses only"
+		return e
+	}
+	e.Public, e.Reason = true, "anyone may query it, and named listens on "+addr
+	return e
+}
+
+// publicListenAddr returns an address named listens on that isn't
+// private, from listen-on/listen-on-v6 and this host's addresses.
+func (c *checker) publicListenAddr() (string, bool) {
+	for _, name := range []string{"listen-on", "listen-on-v6"} {
+		opts := []*model.Option{}
+		for _, o := range c.s.ScopedOptions(model.ScopeOptions, 0) {
+			if o.Name == name {
+				opts = append(opts, o)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(opts) == 0 {
+			// named listens on every interface by default.
+			if a, ok := c.publicLocalAddr(name == "listen-on-v6"); ok {
+				return a, true
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, o := range opts {
+			elems := c.amlOf(o)
+			if _, open := catchAll(elems); open {
+				if a, ok := c.publicLocalAddr(name == "listen-on-v6"); ok {
+					return a, true
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			for _, e := range elems {
+				if e.Kind == namedconf.AMPrefix && !e.Negated && !privatePrefix(e.Prefix) {
+					return e.Prefix.Addr().String(), true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+// publicLocalAddr returns one of this host's addresses that isn't
+// private (none known in tests).
+func (c *checker) publicLocalAddr(v6 bool) (string, bool) {
+	for _, a := range c.opts.LocalAddrs {
+		a = a.Unmap()
+		if a.Is6() == v6 && !privatePrefix(netip.PrefixFrom(a, a.BitLen())) {
+			return a.String(), true
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+// catchAll reports whether a list lets in clients from anywhere: a
+// non-negated "any", or a prefix so wide (shorter than /8 for IPv4, /16
+// for IPv6) that it holds most of the internet. Negated elements before
+// it only take some clients out.
+func catchAll(elems []namedconf.AMElement) (string, bool) {
+	for _, e := range elems {
+		if e.Negated {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch {
+		case e.Kind == namedconf.AMName && e.Name == "any":
+			return "any", true
+		case e.Kind == namedconf.AMName && e.Name == "none":
+			return "", false
+		case e.Kind == namedconf.AMPrefix && e.Prefix.Addr().Is4() && e.Prefix.Bits() < 8,
+			e.Kind == namedconf.AMPrefix && !e.Prefix.Addr().Is4() && e.Prefix.Bits() < 16:
+			return e.Prefix.String(), true
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+var privateBlocks = []netip.Prefix{
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8"), netip.MustParsePrefix("172.16.0.0/12"), netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.0.0/16"),
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.0.0/10"), netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.0.0/8"), netip.MustParsePrefix("169.254.0.0/16"),
+	netip.MustParsePrefix("fc00::/7"), netip.MustParsePrefix("fe80::/10"), netip.MustParsePrefix("::1/128"),
+}
+
+func privatePrefix(p netip.Prefix) bool {
+	a := p.Addr().Unmap()
+	for _, b := range privateBlocks {
+		if b.Addr().Is4() == a.Is4() && b.Contains(a) && p.Bits() >= b.Bits() {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// onlyPrivate reports whether every address element is private (names
+// such as localhost and localnets count as private).
+func onlyPrivate(elems []namedconf.AMElement) bool {
+	for _, e := range elems {
+		if e.Negated {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch e.Kind {
+		case namedconf.AMPrefix:
+			if !privatePrefix(e.Prefix) {
+				return false
+			}
+		case namedconf.AMName:
+			if e.Name == "any" {
+				return false
+			}
+		case namedconf.AMOther, namedconf.AMNested:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func describeList(list []string) string {
+	if len(list) > 4 {
+		return strings.Join(list[:4], ", ") + ", …"
+	}
+	return strings.Join(list, ", ")
+}
+
+// checkExposure runs the exposure checks on public views (or the server).
+func (c *checker) checkExposure() {
+	exps := c.exposures()
+	anyPublic := false
+	for _, x := range exps {
+		if !x.Public {
+			continue
+		}
+		anyPublic = true
+		v := c.s.Views[x.ViewID]
+		label := x.Label()
+		warn := func(code, format string, args ...any) {
+			p := c.warnf(code, "view", x.ViewID, "%s is reachable from the internet (%s): %s", label, x.Reason, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+			p.View = x.View
+		}
+		if o := c.option(v, "rate-limit"); o == nil {
+			warn("exposure_rate_limit", "it has no rate-limit, so it can be used to flood others with its answers (DNS amplification); start response rate limiting in log-only mode")
+		} else if LogOnly(o) {
+			p := c.infof("exposure_rate_limit_log_only", "view", x.ViewID, "%s: rate limiting is in log-only mode: named only logs what it would limit; check that nobody legitimate would be limited, then start enforcing", label)
+			p.View = x.View
+		}
+		if !c.effectiveBool(v, "minimal-any", false) {
+			warn("exposure_minimal_any", "ANY queries get full answers, a favourite for amplification; set minimal-any yes")
+		}
+		if !c.effectiveBool(v, "recursion", true) {
+			if aml, _, set := c.effectiveAML(v, "allow-query-cache"); set {
+				if _, open := catchAll(aml); open {
+					warn("exposure_cache_snooping", "anyone may query its cache (allow-query-cache), which shows what your clients look up; set allow-query-cache { none; }")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if aml, _, set := c.effectiveAML(v, "allow-notify"); set {
+			if _, open := catchAll(aml); open {
+				warn("exposure_open_notify", "anyone may send it NOTIFY messages (allow-notify); allow only your primaries")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !anyPublic {
+		return
+	}
+	server := func(code, format string, args ...any) {
+		c.warnf(code, "server", 0, format, args...)
+	}
+	if c.s.FindOption(model.ScopeOptions, 0, "version") == nil {
+		server("exposure_version", "the server is reachable from the internet and tells anyone its exact BIND version (dig CH TXT version.bind), which helps attackers pick exploits; set version none")
+	}
+	if c.s.FindOption(model.ScopeOptions, 0, "hostname") == nil {
+		server("exposure_hostname", "the server is reachable from the internet and tells anyone its host name (dig CH TXT hostname.bind); set hostname none")
+	}
+	for _, name := range []string{"controls", "statistics-channels"} {
+		for _, o := range c.s.ScopedOptions(model.ScopeTopLevel, 0) {
+			if o.Name != name {
+				continue
+			}
+			if addr, ok := openManagement(o); ok {
+				c.warnf("exposure_management", "option", o.ID, "%s listens on %s and accepts anyone there; management interfaces must not be reachable from the internet: use 127.0.0.1, or an allow list of your own hosts", name, addr)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// option returns the option name for a view, or the server's.
+func (c *checker) option(v *model.View, name string) *model.Option {
+	if v != nil {
+		if o := c.s.FindOption(model.ScopeView, v.ID, name); o != nil {
+			return o
+		}
+	}
+	return c.s.FindOption(model.ScopeOptions, 0, name)
+}
+
+// LogOnly reports whether a rate-limit option is in log-only mode.
+func LogOnly(o *model.Option) bool {
+	st, err := namedconf.ParseOptionValue(o.Name, o.Value)
+	if err != nil || st.FirstBlock() == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, s := range st.FirstBlock().Stmts {
+		if s.Keyword() == "log-only" && len(s.Items) == 2 && s.Items[1].Value != nil {
+			switch strings.ToLower(s.Items[1].Value.Text) {
+			case "yes", "true", "1":
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// openManagement reports an inet clause of controls or
+// statistics-channels on an address that isn't loopback, open to anyone.
+func openManagement(o *model.Option) (string, bool) {
+	st, err := namedconf.ParseOptionValue(o.Name, o.Value)
+	if err != nil || st.FirstBlock() == nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	for _, s := range st.FirstBlock().Stmts {
+		if s.Keyword() != "inet" || len(s.Items) < 2 || s.Items[1].Value == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		addr := s.Items[1].Value.Text
+		if a, err := netip.ParseAddr(addr); err == nil && a.IsLoopback() {
+			continue
+		}
+		for i, it := range s.Items {
+			if it.Value != nil && strings.EqualFold(it.Value.Text, "allow") && i+1 < len(s.Items) && s.Items[i+1].Block != nil {
+				var elems []namedconf.AMElement
+				for _, as := range s.Items[i+1].Block.Stmts {
+					if e, err := namedconf.ParseAMElement(namedconf.Compact(as.Items)); err == nil {
+						elems = append(elems, e.Expand()...)
+					}
+				}
+				if _, open := catchAll(elems); open {
+					return addr, true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+// applyAcks turns acknowledged findings into info, saying who accepted
+// them, when and why. A finding of a view (or of a zone in it) uses the
+// view's acknowledgements, anything else the server's.
+func (c *checker) applyAcks() {
+	for i := range c.problems {
+		p := &c.problems[i]
+		if p.Severity != Warning || !Ackable(p.Code) {
+			continue
+		}
+		acks := c.s.Settings.Acknowledged
+		if v := c.problemView(p); v != nil {
+			acks = v.Acknowledged
+		}
+		if a := model.FindAck(acks, p.Code); a != nil {
+			p.Severity = Info
+			p.Acknowledged = a
+			p.Message += fmt.Sprintf(" (acknowledged by %s on %s: %s)", a.By, a.At.Format("2 Jan 2006"), a.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *checker) problemView(p *Problem) *model.View {
+	switch p.ObjectType {
+	case "view":
+		return c.s.Views[p.ObjectID]
+	case "zone":
+		if z := c.s.Zones[p.ObjectID]; z != nil {
+			return c.s.Views[z.ViewID]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/validate/validate.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ package validate
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -37,6 +38,9 @@ type Problem struct {
 	Zone       string   `json:"zone,omitempty"`
 	View       string   `json:"view,omitempty"`
 	Name       string   `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	// Acknowledged is set when an exposure finding was accepted on
+	// purpose (it is then info, not a warning).
+	Acknowledged *model.Acknowledgement `json:"acknowledged,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // Key identifies a problem independently of object IDs, so problems can be
@@ -67,6 +71,10 @@ type Options struct {
 	// ExternalKeysUnknown is set when an included file could not be read,
 	// so references to unknown keys are not reported.
 	ExternalKeysUnknown bool
+	// LocalAddrs are this host's addresses: a server without views is
+	// public when named listens on one that isn't private
+	// (docs/exposure.md).
+	LocalAddrs []netip.Addr
 }
 
 // Result holds the problems found.
@@ -140,8 +148,10 @@ func State(s *model.State, opts Options) []Problem {
 	c.checkZones()
 	c.checkOptions()
 	c.checkSecurity()
+	c.checkExposure()
 	c.checkDNSSEC()
 	c.checkBlocking()
+	c.applyAcks()
 	sortProblems(c.problems)
 	return c.problems
 }

internal/web/static/assets/app.js

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import * as account from "./pages/account.js";
 import * as search from "./pages/search.js";
 import * as stats from "./pages/stats.js";
 import * as blocking from "./pages/blocking.js";
+import * as exposure from "./pages/exposure.js";
 
 const routes = [
   { pattern: /^$/, page: dashboard, nav: "dashboard" },
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ const routes = [
   { pattern: /^search$/, page: search, nav: "" },
   { pattern: /^stats$/, page: stats, nav: "stats" },
   { pattern: /^blocking$/, page: blocking, nav: "blocking" },
+  { pattern: /^exposure$/, page: exposure, nav: "exposure" },
 ];
 
 const navItems = [
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ const navItems = [
   ["zones", "#/zones", "Zones"],
   ["blocking", "#/blocking", "Blocking"],
   ["views", "#/views", "Views"],
+  ["exposure", "#/exposure", "Exposure"],
   ["acls", "#/acls", "ACLs"],
   ["keys", "#/keys", "TSIG keys"],
   ["options", "#/options", "Server options"],

internal/web/static/assets/pages/changes.js

@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ async function draftPanel(d) {
   let valid = false;
   const applyBtn = h("button", { class: "primary", disabled: true }, "Apply changes");
   const forceBox = h("label", { class: "check small hidden" }, h("input", { type: "checkbox" }), "Overwrite files changed outside Jarl");
+  // Changes that open a public view up must be confirmed (docs/exposure.md).
+  const riskBox = h("label", { class: "check risk-confirm hidden" }, h("input", { type: "checkbox" }), "");
+  let risky = false;
+  riskBox.querySelector("input").addEventListener("change", () => { applyBtn.disabled = !valid || (risky && !riskBox.querySelector("input").checked); });
   const ops = d.ops || [];
   const removeOp = async (seq) => {
     try {
@@ -75,7 +79,10 @@ async function draftPanel(d) {
     try {
       const p = await get("/changesets/" + d.id + "/preview");
       valid = p.valid && !p.error;
-      applyBtn.disabled = !valid;
+      risky = (p.risks || []).length > 0;
+      riskBox.classList.toggle("hidden", !risky);
+      if (risky) riskBox.lastChild.textContent = " I understand: " + p.risks.map((x) => x.message).join("; ");
+      applyBtn.disabled = !valid || (risky && !riskBox.querySelector("input").checked);
       const drift = (p.drift || []);
       forceBox.classList.toggle("hidden", drift.length === 0);
       mount(preview,
@@ -97,7 +104,7 @@ async function draftPanel(d) {
     try {
       if (desc.value !== (d.description || "")) await api("PATCH", "/changesets/" + d.id, { body: { description: desc.value } });
       const force = forceBox.querySelector("input").checked;
-      const r = await api("POST", "/changesets/" + d.id + "/apply", { body: { force } });
+      const r = await api("POST", "/changesets/" + d.id + "/apply", { body: { force, accept_risk: riskBox.querySelector("input").checked } });
       const res = r.result || {};
       toast("Applied changeset #" + d.id + (res.reloaded && res.reloaded.length ? " — named reloaded" : ""));
       (r.warnings || []).forEach((w) => toast(w, "warn", 10000));
@@ -119,6 +126,7 @@ async function draftPanel(d) {
       h("h2", null, "Changeset #" + d.id + " ", badge(plural(ops.length, "operation"), "warn")),
       desc,
       h("div", { style: { marginTop: "10px" } }, opsTable),
+      riskBox,
       h("div", { class: "actions", style: { marginTop: "12px" } }, applyBtn, discard, forceBox),
       result),
     h("div", { class: "panel" }, h("h2", null, "Review"), preview));

internal/web/static/assets/pages/dashboard.js

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { h, mount, time, fmtTime, relTime, problemsList, badge, plural } from ".
 import { get, state } from "../api.js";
 
 export async function render(el) {
-  const [st, mine] = await Promise.all([get("/status"), get("/changesets", { status: "open", mine: 1, limit: 50 }).catch(() => [])]);
+  const [st, mine, exposure] = await Promise.all([get("/status"), get("/changesets", { status: "open", mine: 1, limit: 50 }).catch(() => []), get("/exposure").catch(() => null)]);
   const s = st.engine || {};
   // The user's own changesets with something in them: what the Changes page shows.
   const pending = mine.filter((c) => (c.ops || []).length).length;
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ export async function render(el) {
     card("Access", plural((s.counts || {}).acls || 0, "ACL"), plural((s.counts || {}).tsig_keys || 0, "TSIG key")),
     card("Options", (s.counts || {}).options ?? "–", "server, view, zone and top-level"),
     st.backup ? backupCard(st.backup) : null,
+    exposure ? exposureCard(exposure) : null,
   );
   const last = s.last_applied;
   const parts = [h("div", { class: "page-head" },
@@ -106,6 +107,16 @@ function backupCard(b) {
   return card("Backup", value, sub);
 }
 
+// exposureCard sums up the internet exposure page.
+function exposureCard(r) {
+  const pub = r.scopes.filter((s) => s.public);
+  let warn = r.server.filter((f) => f.severity === "warning").length;
+  for (const s of r.scopes) warn += s.findings.filter((f) => f.severity === "warning").length;
+  const value = !pub.length ? badge("nothing public", "ok") : warn ? badge(plural(warn, "warning"), "warn") : badge("hardened", "ok");
+  const sub = pub.length ? "public: " + pub.map((s) => s.view || "the server").join(", ") : "no view is reachable from the internet";
+  return h("a", { class: "card link", href: "#/exposure" }, h("div", { class: "label" }, "Exposure"), h("div", { class: "value" }, value), h("div", { class: "sub" }, sub));
+}
+
 function card(label, value, sub) {
   return h("div", { class: "card" }, h("div", { class: "label" }, label), h("div", { class: "value" }, value), sub ? h("div", { class: "sub" }, sub) : null);
 }

internal/web/static/assets/pages/exposure.js

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Internet exposure (docs/exposure.md): which views are reachable from
+// the internet, why, and what to harden, with fixes staged like any edit
+// and findings that can be accepted on purpose.
+import { h, mount, table, toast, badge, modal, input, field, errorBox, select, plural } from "../ui.js";
+import { get, change, describeResult, can } from "../api.js";
+import { rerender } from "../app.js";
+
+const sevKind = { warning: "warn", error: "err", info: "" };
+
+export async function render(el) {
+  const r = await get("/exposure");
+  const writable = can("options", true);
+  const parts = [h("div", { class: "page-head" },
+    h("div", { class: "grow" }, h("h1", null, "Internet exposure"),
+      h("div", { class: "muted" }, "Which views can be reached from the internet, and what to harden on them. A view is public when its match-clients let in anyone (they end in any), whatever kind of addresses your own networks use. Fixes are staged as pending changes for you to review.")))];
+
+  parts.push(h("div", { class: "panel" }, h("h2", null, "Views"), table([
+    { label: "View", render: (s) => s.view ? h("a", { href: "#/views/" + s.view_id }, s.view) : h("span", { class: "muted" }, "the server (no views)") },
+    { label: "Exposure", render: (s) => [badge(s.public ? "public" : "private", s.public ? "warn" : "ok"), s.override ? h("span", { class: "muted small" }, " set by hand") : null] },
+    { label: "Why", render: (s) => h("span", { class: "small" }, s.reason) },
+    { label: "Rate limiting", render: (s) => s.public ? badge(s.rate_limit, { off: "err", "log-only": "warn", enforcing: "ok" }[s.rate_limit]) : h("span", { class: "muted" }, "–") },
+    { label: "", render: (s) => writable ? overrideSelect(s) : null, tdClass: "actions-cell" },
+  ], r.scopes)));
+
+  const all = [];
+  for (const s of r.scopes) for (const f of s.findings) all.push({ ...f, scope: s.view || "server", viewID: s.view_id });
+  for (const f of r.server) all.push({ ...f, scope: "server", viewID: 0 });
+  parts.push(h("div", { class: "panel" }, h("h2", null, "Findings ", badge(plural(all.filter((f) => f.severity === "warning").length, "warning"), all.some((f) => f.severity === "warning") ? "warn" : "ok")),
+    all.length ? h("div", { class: "findings" }, all.map((f) => findingRow(f, writable))) : h("div", { class: "empty" }, r.scopes.some((s) => s.public) ? "Nothing to harden." : "No view is reachable from the internet, so there is nothing to check.")));
+
+  if (r.rate_limiting) parts.push(activity(r.rate_limiting, r.scopes));
+  mount(el, parts);
+}
+
+function overrideSelect(s) {
+  const sel = select([["", "Work it out"], ["public", "Public"], ["private", "Private"]], s.override || "");
+  sel.title = "Override the classification when Jarl gets it wrong (e.g. a port forward, where named only sees private addresses)";
+  sel.addEventListener("change", async () => {
+    try {
+      const r = s.view_id
+        ? await change("PATCH", "/views/" + s.view_id, { exposure: sel.value || "auto" })
+        : await change("PATCH", "/settings", { exposure: sel.value || "auto" });
+      toast(describeResult(r));
+      rerender();
+    } catch (e) { toast(e.message, "err", 8000); }
+  });
+  return sel;
+}
+
+function findingRow(f, writable) {
+  const acked = f.acknowledged;
+  const actions = writable ? h("div", { class: "actions" },
+    f.fix && !acked ? h("button", { class: "small primary", title: f.fix, onclick: () => fix(f) }, "Fix") : null,
+    acked
+      ? h("button", { class: "small", onclick: () => unack(f) }, "Take back")
+      : h("button", { class: "small", onclick: () => ack(f) }, "Acknowledge")) : null;
+  return h("div", { class: "finding " + (acked ? "acked" : f.severity) },
+    h("div", { class: "grow" },
+      h("div", null, badge(acked ? "acknowledged" : f.severity, acked ? "" : sevKind[f.severity]), " ", h("strong", null, f.scope), " ", h("span", { class: "mono small muted" }, f.code)),
+      h("div", null, f.message),
+      f.fix && !acked ? h("div", { class: "small muted" }, "Fix: " + f.fix) : null),
+    actions);
+}
+
+async function fix(f) {
+  try {
+    const r = await change("POST", "/exposure/fix", { view_id: f.viewID, code: f.code });
+    toast(describeResult(r));
+    (r.warnings || []).forEach((w) => toast(w, "warn", 8000));
+    rerender();
+  } catch (e) { toast(e.message, "err", 10000); }
+}
+
+async function ack(f) {
+  const reason = input({ placeholder: "e.g. public resolver for the club's network, monitored", style: { width: "100%" } });
+  const err = h("div");
+  await modal("Acknowledge " + f.code, h("div", null,
+    h("p", null, f.message),
+    h("p", { class: "muted small" }, "The finding stays visible, as info, with your name, the date and your reason. Jarl warns again if it comes up somewhere else."),
+    field("Why is this accepted?", reason), err), [
+    { label: "Cancel", value: null },
+    { label: "Acknowledge", kind: "primary", onclick: async () => {
+      try {
+        const r = await change("POST", "/exposure/ack", { view_id: f.viewID, code: f.code, reason: reason.value.trim() });
+        toast(describeResult(r));
+        rerender();
+        return true;
+      } catch (e) { mount(err, errorBox(e)); return false; }
+    } },
+  ]);
+}
+
+async function unack(f) {
+  try {
+    const r = await change("POST", "/exposure/unack", { view_id: f.viewID, code: f.code });
+    toast(describeResult(r));
+    rerender();
+  } catch (e) { toast(e.message, "err", 8000); }
+}
+
+// activity shows what rate limiting limited, or would have in log-only
+// mode, so you can check nobody legitimate is hit before enforcing.
+function activity(a, scopes) {
+  const counts = Object.fromEntries((a.counts || []).map((e) => [e.key, e.count]));
+  const would = (counts["would-drop"] || 0) + (counts["would-slip"] || 0);
+  const did = (counts["drop"] || 0) + (counts["slip"] || 0);
+  const logOnly = scopes.some((s) => s.public && s.rate_limit === "log-only");
+  const any = scopes.some((s) => s.public && s.rate_limit !== "off");
+  if (!any) return null;
+  return h("div", { class: "panel" }, h("h2", null, "Rate limiting, last " + a.since),
+    !would && !did ? h("div", { class: "empty" }, "Nothing was limited" + (logOnly ? " (or would have been)" : "") + ". If you just turned it on, give it a day.") : [
+      h("p", null,
+        did ? plural(did, "response") + " limited (" + (counts["drop"] || 0) + " dropped, " + (counts["slip"] || 0) + " slipped). " : "",
+        would ? plural(would, "response") + " would have been limited in log-only mode (" + (counts["would-drop"] || 0) + " dropped, " + (counts["would-slip"] || 0) + " slipped)." : ""),
+      h("p", { class: "muted small" }, "Dropped responses get no answer; slipped ones get a short reply asking the client to retry over TCP (or with a DNS cookie), which a real client does and a spoofed victim of an attack never sees."),
+      logOnly ? h("p", { class: "muted small" }, "Check the networks below: your secondaries, monitoring, or a big shared resolver shouldn't be among them. If they are, add them to exempt-clients; otherwise start enforcing.") : null,
+      h("div", { class: "chart-grid" },
+        table([{ label: "Client network (limited or would be)", render: (e) => h("span", { class: "mono" }, e.key) }, { label: "Responses", render: (e) => String(e.count) }], a.networks || []),
+        table([{ label: "Name and type", render: (e) => h("span", { class: "mono" }, e.key) }, { label: "Responses", render: (e) => String(e.count) }], a.names || []))]);
+}

internal/web/static/assets/style.css

@@ -489,3 +489,15 @@ details.view-picker summary { cursor: pointer; padding: 5px 8px; border: 1px sol
 details.view-picker[open] .view-picker-list { position: absolute; z-index: 20; top: calc(100% + 4px); left: 0; min-width: 14em; max-height: 260px; overflow-y: auto; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 4px; padding: 8px 10px; background: var(--panel); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
 ul.plain li { padding: 3px 0; }
 .query-details { margin: 8px 0; }
+
+/* Internet exposure findings */
+.findings { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }
+.finding { display: flex; gap: 12px; align-items: flex-start; padding: 10px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-left-width: 3px; border-radius: 6px; }
+.finding.warning { border-left-color: var(--warn); }
+.finding.error { border-left-color: var(--err); }
+.finding.acked, .finding.info { border-left-color: var(--line); color: var(--muted); }
+.finding .actions { flex-shrink: 0; }
+.risk-confirm { margin-top: 8px; }
+
+a.card.link { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
+a.card.link:hover { border-color: var(--accent, var(--link)); }

scripts/e2e.sh

@@ -366,6 +366,45 @@ expect_dig "unsigned from here: the internal view" "127.0.0.1" ns1.adbraun.test
 expect_dig "signed with the external view's key" "203.0.113.1" -k $E/external.key ns1.adbraun.test A
 run "view key shows a dig command" 0 $J view key external
 contains "dig -y hmac-sha256:jarl-view-external:"
+# Internet exposure (docs/exposure.md): external lets in anyone, internal
+# only homelab.
+run "exposure" 0 $J exposure
+contains "^internal  *private"
+contains "^external  *public  *off"
+contains "exposure_rate_limit "
+contains "fix: jarl exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit"
+run "fix: rate limiting, log-only first" 0 $J exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit
+run "named.conf has it" 0 grep -A2 'view "external"' $E/etc-jarl/named.conf
+contains "rate-limit { responses-per-second 10; log-only yes; };"
+run "exposure: log-only now" 0 $J exposure
+contains "^external  *public  *log-only"
+contains "exposure_rate_limit_log_only"
+run "fix: start enforcing" 0 $J exposure fix external exposure_rate_limit_log_only
+contains "responses-per-second 10; }"
+# A burst of identical queries in the external view (signed with its key):
+# some are dropped. The internal view has no rate limit.
+DROPS=0
+for i in $(seq 60); do
+	$DIG +tries=1 +time=1 +ignore -k $E/external.key -p $DNS @127.0.0.1 ns1.adbraun.test A | grep -q "status:" || DROPS=$((DROPS+1))
+done
+if [ $DROPS -gt 0 ]; then ok "rate limiting dropped $DROPS of 60"; else bad "rate limiting dropped nothing"; fi
+INTERNAL=$(for i in $(seq 30); do $DIG +tries=1 +time=1 +short -p $DNS @127.0.0.1 ns1.adbraun.test A; done | grep -c 127.0.0.1)
+if [ "$INTERNAL" = 30 ]; then ok "the internal view isn't limited"; else bad "the internal view answered $INTERNAL of 30"; fi
+run "remove the rate limit again" 0 $J option unset rate-limit --view external
+run "an open resolver on a public view needs confirming (exit 5)" 5 $J option set allow-recursion any --view external
+contains "accept-risk"
+run "with --accept-risk" 0 $J option set allow-recursion any --view external --accept-risk
+run "acknowledge it" 0 $J exposure ack external security_open_resolver --reason "e2e: on purpose"
+run "acknowledged: info, with the reason" 0 $J exposure
+contains "info  *external  *security_open_resolver .*acknowledged by .*e2e: on purpose"
+run "take it back" 0 $J exposure unack external security_open_resolver
+run "close the resolver again" 0 $J option unset allow-recursion --view external
+run "fix: hide the version" 0 $J exposure fix server exposure_version
+expect_dig "version.bind is hidden" "" -c CH version.bind TXT
+run "mark external private" 0 $J view update external --exposure private
+run "exposure: private by hand" 0 $J exposure
+contains "^external  *private (set)"
+run "back to auto" 0 $J view update external --exposure auto
 # named-checkconf's own warnings stay on the dashboard after the apply.
 run "option set recursion no (external)" 0 $J option set recursion no --view external
 run "allow-recursion without its braces" 0 $J option set allow-recursion 192.0.2.1 --view external